The Effects Of Caffeine On Human Brain And Body - 1825 Words

Caffeine is a drug that has been studied for many years to learn more about how it effects the human brain and body. There have been many answers and yet there are still more answers to be found as scientists today continue to understand the effects of caffeine. We will look what parts of the brain involve sleep, how caffeine effects the brain and the body and try to determine if caffeine is a serious health threat or not. Adenosine also known as ATP stands for adenosine triphosphate which according to Susha Cheriyedath in her article Adenosine Triphosphate (ATP) Function in Cells (2017) â€Å"ATP is the main source of energy for most cellular processes. The building blocks of ATP are carbon, nitrogen, hydrogen, oxygen, and phosphorus.† So,†¦show more content†¦It does so by helping us transition from being awake, to being asleep. This is a result of â€Å"neurons in a part of the hypothalamus called the ventrolateral preoptic nucleus (VLPO) connect directly to the many arousal-promoting centers. Rather than stimulating activity in these areas, signals from VLPO neurons inhibit their activity. By shutting down the arousal centers, the VLPO promotes sleep,† (Division of Sleep Medicine at Harvard Medical School in partnership with WGBH Educational Foundation, 2009). The brainstem is related to sleep in regards to the different stages of sleep such as rapid eye movement better know n as REM and non-rapid eye movement or NREM. The Division of Sleep Medicine at Harvard Medical School in partnership with WGBH Educational Foundation tells us in their article Under the Brain’s Control (2009) tell us that â€Å"different neurotransmitters and different groups of neurons in the brainstem are involved in the transitions between REM and NREM sleep.† We go on to learn that there is a connection between sleep and adenosine and that it is the chemical that helps the body know when sleep is needed. â€Å"a powerful sleep drive builds up with prolonged wakefulness and shifts the balance toward sleep. How this occurs is not precisely known, but adenosine is one of the chemicals thought to accumulate during prolonged wakefulness. When it does, it serves toShow MoreRelatedCaffeine Addiction Essay800 Words   |  4 PagesIt is important to learn about caffeine addiction because people don’t know that they are addicted to it and that caffeine can damage the body and brain. 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Caffeine keeps the body from falling asleep by blocking the adenosine receptors; adenosine is what makes the person sleepy. Caffeinated drinks are especiallyRead MoreThe Chemical Formula For Caffeine Essay736 Words   |  3 PagesCaffeine is used in various foods all around the world, reaching millions of people. The foods that contain caffeine include coffee, tea, cocoa, carbonated beverages and energy drinks.2 Caffeine is a stimulant that’s used daily to keep people awake and active throughout their busy days. But does this use do more good than harm, or more harm than good? The molecular formula for caffeine is C8H10N4O2 and it is chemically classified in the xanthine group.1 It was first discovered and isolated by FriedrichRead MoreEffects Of Caffeine On Our Lives1214 Words   |  5 Pagesaddictive craze? Do you need caffeine to keep you awake? Well, roughly 80% of Americans do. In an average day 90% of Americans consume some type of caffeine. 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Main Sources Of Electrical Power - 1405 Words

Practical Exercise One (10%): There are five major sources of electrical power worldwide and four other sources that are not used widely at this time. Using your state?s electrical grid, identify the sources of electrical power used by your state and then attempt to locate the major power plants and substations. Try to identify the major components of these plants and substations. Try to establish the connection between power generation, transmission and distribution in your state. Compare and contrast the efficiency of the various types of power plants in your state. Go to a local library and on line to find how many resources are available addressing your topic. Write a short paper (3-5 pages) discussing the results of your research, what databases, if any, were available, the amount of information available on the subject, and whether you believe that the information exists for you to create a map of your state?s electric power network. 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Creative Thinker free essay sample

Oprah moved forward to be a news broadcaster, hosting a morning talk show, eventually with immense success and determination, Oprah Winfrey have the opportunity to host her own show called the Oprah Winfrey show, which became the most popular shows on television. Oprah is definitely a creative thinker. Oprah move from one level to the next in her career, which gave her more opportunity to find creative ways to make a difference in the lives of many people. With much creativity and determination, Oprah created her own TV network called OWN. Some people may say OWN was planned from the beginning because the title is fitting for what she stands for, which is using your creativity and desires to accomplish your goals. The Own network is another source used for Oprah to have a positive effect on the lives of many people. Own consist of several presentations and shows that focus on real life topics and motivational leaders, which created a positive impact on society. We will write a custom essay sample on Creative Thinker or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page

The Lover Review Essay Example

The Lover Review Paper Essay on The Lover Each literary period has its face in the form of a certain author who represents this era. For example, if you take the current literature, then, for me, it is associated with the name of Janusz Leon Vishnevsky. Not casual, he is considered one of the most popular authors of our time. Maybe his success lies in the fact that he writes about love as part of modern life? We all remember his debut novel Loneliness in the network a story of love born in virtuality, smoothly flowing into reality. Following was fate Repetition, but today I would like to recall his third book titled Mistress. On the one hand, this piece is designed in the best style Vishnevsky author, like no one else can reach your readers touching and sometimes tragic love stories. If he has a mysterious language of love, and we are not just readers, and witnessed all of these fascinating stories. On the other this work he destroys all the stereotypes about his writing style. His previous book differed deep, I would sa y slightly flowery plot. They were full of heroes, both major and minor, covers a vast geographical area. In Mistress is much easier there He is, She is Love. Mostly all-consuming, sometimes destructive, sometimes full of passion, sometimes tenderness. We have a unique opportunity to see all the masks that feeling you need nothing at all just read this novel Enjoy your reading .! We will write a custom essay sample on The Lover Review specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on The Lover Review specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on The Lover Review specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer

Internet abuse in the work place

Internet abuse in the work place Abstract Internet is a common and valuable resource for business organizations. This is a study of internet abuse in the work place. The paper reviews related literature on internet abuse.Advertising We will write a custom research paper sample on Internet abuse in the work place specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More The study uses questionnaires to investigate the prominent forms of internet abuse and determine if they are serious or minor internet abuse activities. The study relates the internet abuse behavior with regard to gender, education and status. The hypothesis of the study is that employees will engage in minor internet abuse irrespective of their gender, age, education and status. The findings reveal that employees engage in minor internet abuse activities. Gender, education and status reflect on the type of internet abuse employees engage in. Employees’ productivity and employer’s liability are affected. Employee s will avoid internet abuse that is directly incriminating. Internet abuse can be minimized by introduction of policies in the company. The policies will vary from organization to organization depending on the mission. Introduction Background Internet technology has been incorporated in many organizations across the globe. Internet has increased efficiency, enhanced communication and made a lot of information accessible. The traditional working behavior has been affected. Employees have found themselves with new opportunities and some have misused the privileges. Besides transforming the efficiency and productivity of work, negative results can be realized if employees engage in unacceptable internet activities. The term internet abuse has been used to refer to non- work internet activities in the workplace. According to Ozkalp (2010, p. 2) employees’ productivity as well as employers liability are affected by internet abuse. There is need to investigate the internet activiti es employees are engaged in. This will be an effective way of finding adequate policies to prevent the unacceptable behavior. This paper will analyze internet abuse in the work place. It will study internet abuse in relation to gender, education, age and status. Problem statement The aim of this study is to identify most prominent forms of internet abuse and determine if they are serious or minor internet abuse.Advertising Looking for research paper on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Purpose of the study The purpose of the study is to establish the extent of internet abuse during working hours. The study will investigate the relationship between internet abuse in the workplace and gender. Another reason is to investigate whether there is a relationship between the education level and internet abuse in the workplace. Hypothesis The hypothesis for this study is that employees will engage in minor i nternet abuse irrespective of their gender, age, education and status. Review of literature Organizations have adopted internet, which is an important resource. The availability of internet in the work place enables the employees to access a wide variety of libraries, participate in the social media as well as have access to pornographic sites. Access to internet minimizes the employer’s obligation and reduces productivity in the work place. In an attempt to minimize employer’s liability, employers have observed employees internet use. Employees at different levels of the organization and with diverse education background can be involved in internet abuse, as Lehr and Lichtenberg (2000, p. 335) point out. Defining internet abuse can be challenging. Every organization defines internet abuse according to acceptable behavior in the company. Definitions of internet abuse will vary. What is abuse in one company may not be in another company. The definition of internet abuse in an organization is in line with the mission of the organization. Internet has become part of the organizational communication. The use of internet has increased efficiency and led to increased revenues. Internet has reduced the number of employees to be employed, enabled employees to access information fast and to perform effectively within a limited time. Some researchers argue that internet is an important source of diversion for employees at work. It can lead to creativity, flexibility and facilitate a good learning environment. Some employees who use the internet for personal academic purposes may end up being resourceful to the organization. However, some employees have abused the privilege of internet in the workplace.Advertising We will write a custom research paper sample on Internet abuse in the work place specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Employees who abuse internet range from senior employees to junior employees. Most of the employees have a private office or are in a cubicle. Thomas (2012, p. 2) says that employees in a private office will be tempted to watch pornography than employees in an open workplace. In the working cubicles, employees will use the internet for personal social media, online banking, non- work emails and general browsing for news. A lot of time will be spent chatting with friends in Facebook or twitter. Others will use the internet for online shopping, to pay bills and make travel arrangements at the workplace. Others visit chat rooms, sports pages and game sites during office hours using the organizations internet. It is common for some employees to download movies, films and songs. Employees who utilize internet for personal benefits are less productive than employees who do not abuse internet at the workplace. Internet abuse has been associated with a hostile working environment, discrimination and sexual harassment. Bondigas (2012, p. 1) adds that employees may pose a r isk to the organizations network. The safety of an organization may be compromised by downloading spyware or virus when downloading personal files. Downloading large files may cause other employees to slow down in their transactions. Furthermore, confidential and restricted data may end up being shared with the public. According to Griffiths (2010, p. 463), there are various types of crime that occur from internet abuse in the work place. The crimes range from sexual abuse, relationship abuse, online information abuse and criminal internet activities. The challenges can be overcome if research on internet abuse is given attention. Organizations block sites with pornography and hate content. Depending on the mission of the organizations, more sites can be blocked. The organization will block sites that are considered inappropriate. Internet reports are analyzed and actions are taken depending on the report. Some organizations restrict internet to organizations websites. Policies intr oduced will include the email policy and internet use policy. Mirchandani and Motwani (2003, p. 1) discuss four measures that have been used by companies to overcome internet abuse issue in the workplace. The measures include deterrence, prevention, detection and remedies.Advertising Looking for research paper on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Deterrence largely depends on the employee’s willingness to avoid internet abuse. Prevention includes passwords and locking computer rooms. Detection involves the use of internet reports, scanning for virus reports, system audits and identification of documents after a security breech. Remedies contain internal actions and legal actions. Internal actions will give a warning letter, reprimanding the employee or even terminating the employee’s contract. Legal actions will result in civil or criminal cases. An organization begins by introducing deterrence and moves on prevention, detection and remedies respectively, depending on the need to introduce internet control. According to Chen et al (2008, p. 87), personality factors contribute to employees internet usage. Employee’s self-esteem affects their internet behavior in the workplace. Other personality factors include control, gratification and containment. If an employee has been previously addicted to the inter net, they are likely to abuse internet privileges in the office. Employers should get acquainted with information on internet abuse in order to overcome internet abuse challenges. They can learn the employee’s personality and implement appropriate policies. Internet monitoring has challenges. Organizations use software which is constantly advancing. The employer obtains the advanced software from the vendors. The software or hardware for blocking specific sites may end up blocking unintended sites. What is more is that it can be challenging to block all intended sites. Moreover, the organization will constantly need the assistance of the vendor; since the information system department is not always perfect. Edward (1999, p. 290) mentions that monitoring the internet may not be welcome by the employees. Some may argue that it is unfair. Employee’s behavior can be extremely challenging to monitor. It is important that the internet reports be accurate. An employee can use another person’s computer when they step out without logging out. To avoid misidentification, employees must sign out when leaving their computers. Employees should evade sharing their password with other employees. This will prevent cases of other employees using the other person’s computer. Identification problems may arise from the monitoring software. Inaccurate set up may cause wrong internet reports. The organization should be able to contact the software vendor to rule out any technical problems. The internet report may be generated by faulty software; hence it is necessary to visit the computer history for more information. A credible employer will not accuse the employees before establishing the internet abuse and getting the support from the computer and internet history. The information system department is actively involved in the monitoring and implementation of internet abuse policies within the workplace. Galletta and Polak (2003, p. 47) argue that empl oyees behavior on the internet vary from organization to organization. The level of indulgence in internet abuse depends on a person’s exposure to internet use. In line with Ozkalp (2010, p. 3), employees abuse internet because they have access and an opportunity to do so. Employees get cheaper online services during working hours hence they choose the affordable time. In some cases, employees use internet when they cannot be caught since they are anonymous. Moreover, the internet is convenient and employees find it easy to purchase at the comfort of their office. Employers may use the office internet if they spend a longer time in the office. Methodology Using literature review, this paper will discuss internet abuse in the workplace. Related and significant information on the forms and impacts of internet abuse have been discussed. This research used the literature to develop a questionnaire and distributed the questionnaires to employees at random in two organizations. The questionnaire survey results will be used to test the proposed hypothesis. The first organization was the State University in the Faculty of Arts. The faculty is congested and has the largest admonition. The second organization was a private organization in tourism industry. 212 respondents from the two organizations gave a feedback. 90 people were from the private organization and 122 were from the Public University. The 122 respondent represented a 70 percent return rate. 90 respondents were women and 122 respondents were men. Respondents below 30 years were 60 percent while the rest were above 30 years. 55 percent of the respondents were graduates. The questionnaire addressed work and non- work emails, browsing for academic purpose, using internet for general work, visiting new websites, applying for new jobs, online games, online gambling, updating status on face book, chatting, online shopping, travel bookings, online banking, downloading music and downloading movies. One of t he limitations of this paper is that it will not focus on the extreme form of internet abuse, which has been referred to as internet abuse addiction. Moreover, it will limit the conclusion to the findings based on this study. Findings In this study, majority of employees engaged in search for academic research was highest. Results indicated that non- work emails, new website visits, use of internet for general purposes, online banking were highest. This indicates that majority of the respondents were engaged in minor internet abuse during working hours. Visiting social media sites was also high. Very few employees used internet to search for new jobs and in gambling. In the case of gender, the findings revealed that women were more involved in sending non work emails, online shopping, chatting and surfing for general sites than men. The results also showed that there was no significant difference in the case of age. Education level showed a significant difference in the use of inter net. Those with a postgraduate degree demonstrated an increased use of internet for academic purposes and non-work emails than undergraduates. Graduate respondents also used the internet for internet banking and online shopping than respondents with high school education and below. Undergraduates had a higher level of internet use for banking than high school graduates. The number of post graduate respondents using internet for travel booking was higher than the undergraduates, while the number of undergraduates using internet for booking was higher than those with high school education. Those with high school education visited adult sites more than the undergraduates while the undergraduates visited the adult sites more than the postgraduates. Those working in the private sector used non- work emails less often than the public University. Status was reflected with high use of internet for online banking, online shopping, non-work email and general internet browsing were common for the high ranking employees. Junior employees were higher in chatting activities than senior employees. Minor internet abuse activities such as non-work emails, online banking, on line shopping were higher than serious internet abuse like gambling and visiting adult sites in the workplace. The findings correspond with the literature review that the employees use the internet in the workplace. Employees are careful to use less implicating internet sites at work, hence they would engage in internet abuse that is less incriminating. Those who engage in the criminal activities using the internet at the workplace believe they cannot be identified by the senior management. The monitoring software would be most effective for identifying such employees. An organization can define the internet abuse in the organization and design policies that will adequately curb the issue. Summary It is evident that the use of internet is indispensable in global business. The internet has increasingly enhan ced communication and aided in creating efficiency. Employee’s productivity has been affected by internet abuse in the workplace. Proper methods of controlling internet abuse will reduce internet abuse and employer liability in the workplace (Gupta 2004, p. 11). The internet has been abused by employees in the workplace. Majority of the internet abuse activities are minor. They include checking non- work emails, online shopping, online banking, chatting and surfing for general purpose. Employees avoid serious internet abuse activities such as accessing adult content, gambling and downloading movies or songs. Implementing an internet policy in the organization is a task that involves the top most leaders, directors, manager together with supervisors. The leaders should demonstrate willingness to adopt the policy. The implementation process could involve an internet workshop. The internet workshop will provide information on internet abuse and encourage employees to share their experiences openly. Outlining the unacceptable sites and giving an explanation will make foster the mission of the organization. The organization should create awareness on the sites that are inappropriate. Moreover, an example of an internet report can be given. During the workshop, the employees can be shown an example of an internet report. Information on when the internet report is used should be availed. Employees will be aware of their expectation after the workshop. When purchasing software for blocking selected sites, the organization should carefully select a vendor who can offer after sale service. Research on the consequences of internet abuse is scarce. Limited empirical literature exists on internet abuse. In future, research on implications of internet abuse in the workplace on the employees should be undertaken. Reference List Bondigas, A. (2012). Internet Abuse in the workplace. Web. Chen, J. V., Chen, C. C., and Yang, H. H. (2008). An empirical evaluation of Key fa ctors contributing to internet abuse in the workplace. Industrial Management Data Systems, 108, 1, 87-106. Edward, N.W. (1999). The Productivity Paradox: Evidence from Indirect Indicators of Service Sector Productivity Growth. Canadian Journal of Economics, 32, 2, 289-308. Galletta, D. F and Polak, P. (2003). An empirical investigation of Antecedents of internet abuse  in the workplace. 47-51. Retrieved from https://www.mendeley.com/catalogue/empirical-investigation-antecedents-internet-abuse-workplace/ Gupta, J. N. D. (2004). Improving workers’ productivity and reducing internet abuse. Web. Griffiths, M. (2010). Internet abuse and internet addiction in the workplace. Journal of  Workplace Learning, 22, 7, 463 – 472. Lehr, B and Lichtenberg, F. (2000). Information Technology and Its Impact on Productivity: Firm-level Evidence from Government and Private Data Sources 1977-1993. Canadian Journal of Economics, 32, 2, 335-362 Mirchandani , D and Motwani, J. (2003). Re ducing internet abuse in the workplace: SAM  Advanced Management Journal, 68. Retrieved from https://www.questia.com/library/journal/1G1-98831088/reducing-internet-abuse-in-the-workplace Ozkalp, E., Aydin, U and Tekeli, S. (2010). A modern Workplace Phenomenon: Cyber loafing,  Implications and its place in the Labour Relations. Web. Thomas, S. (2012). Internet Abuse in the workplace. Web.

The Essentials of Timber and Tree Marking Symbols

The Essentials of Timber and Tree Marking Symbols Timber marking symbols using paint and other tree scribing methods are not universally accepted in North American forests. There is no national code that mandates the use of painted slashes, dots, circles and Xs. There is no color used as a code that is more than a regional preference and usually accepted only locally. Even the United States Forest Service uses different marks and colors depending on the national forest and/or national forest region. However, there are many reasons to mark trees and forest timber. Trees may be marked to indicate a tree to be cut or left as per the forest management plan. Trees on forest boundary lines can be marked to indicate property ownership. Trees inside large forests can be permanently marked as part of a forest inventory system. Forest Tree Marking Meanings There are no national tree marking standards even if many of them are similar. Forestry organizations have tried for years to set a few guidelines for tree and timber marks. But foresters are an independent breed and many see their tree marking designs and system as their personal or company imprint or brand. Circles, number of slashes and other quick paint spurts, including stump marks, usually signifies cutting status along with the quality or grade of the tree marked. Boundary line colors often designate land belonging to a particular owner and usually painted over some removed bark (scars) to last longer. Marks Used in Selecting a Tree to Cut Selecting trees to cut is the most common mark made, often done using paint. Unmarked trees that are left usually have the best potential to make the most productive future second crop. The paint color is usually blue on trees to be cut and the trees intended product is identified by different paint slashes and symbols. Again, you are actually selecting the best trees with potential value by not marking them. There is a system described in the Wisconsin DNR Silviculture Handbook on trees to be marked that ensure the production of high-quality sawtimber products. The selection of trees to cut should apply the following order of removal to achieve the desired residual stand composition and structure. Nel-spot Paint Company manufactures the most popular paints used by the forest industry and their very popular blue is the most often used paint used to denote a tree to be used. 6 Reasons to Mark a Tree for Removal High risk of mortality or failure (unless retained as a wildlife tree)Poor stem form and qualityLess desirable speciesRelease of future crop treesLow crown vigorImprove spacing This order of removal will vary with landowner goals, the stand management plan, and silvicultural treatment. Examples would be a shelterwood seed cut that would open the forest floor to tree regeneration or the permanent removal of exotic invasive species. Removal of undesirable species would preserve the quality of an expected new stand. Marks Used for Boundary Lines Maintaining forest boundary lines is one major duty of the forest manager and tree marking is a part of that. Most forest landowners generally know where their boundary lines are and have accurately surveyed maps and photography but very few have their lines marked clearly on the ground. A clearly marked boundary is the best evidence that you know where your landlines are. Marked boundaries minimize the risk of problems, such as timber trespass, caused by others making inaccurate assumptions about your boundaries. They also help you avoid trespassing on your neighbors’ land when you cut trees or build roads and trails. Colored plastic ribbon or â€Å"flagging† is often used as a temporary location of boundary lines but should be followed by more permanent blazing and/or painting trees along and near the line. Make sure you are using the latest recorded survey. 5 Steps to Mark Your Forest Boundary Contacting your boundary neighbor is courtesy at its best as new line claims can cause disagreements.An axed blaze 5-6† long and 3-4† wide at 4 to 5 feet above the ground should be made. Limit the cut to just enough bark and outer wood to make it visible.  Avoid blazing over old blazes as they become supporting evidence of the original location of the line.Paint both the blazed surface including 1-2† of bark (to over-paint forming callous tissue).  Use a bright (fluorescent blue, red, or orange seem to work best) durable brush-on paint. Nel-spot makes great boundary paint.Many timber company forest owners blaze side trees on the line side it faces. This exactness can be helpful but takes a recent survey line for exactness.Mark trees close enough so that from any mark you can see the next mark in either direction.

Producing the financial statements Coursework Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Producing the financial statements - Coursework Example Producing the financial statements Building an engine factory needs substantial cash outlay in terms of capital. Capital items don’t go to the income statement unless in terms of financial cost like interest so the statement may be un affected but the financial position will be affected as money moves from the bank/cash for construction and to be eventually capitalized. Loans are relatively easy to acquire if there is collateral available but is a rather expensive mode of financing due to the ever increasing interest rates. Using retained earnings to finance is cheap and efficient but the disadvantage is that it will starve the company of liquidity needed to finance daily operations. If VW ceased operations in China, this will result in a 31 percent fall in sales which was attributed to the Chinese market in the last financial results. There will be a further loss of 9.6 bn Euros that is attributed to joint ventures. G.M’s net income of 595 million dollars that is derived from the Chinese market will also be lost. The recall caused a charge of 3.1 billion dollars on the income of G.M. The production expenses would certainly go down and hence increased productivity. The market being exited will experience direct and indirect job losses while the opposite will be the case for the market being entered. Shareholders are always concerned with the return on their investment and if this action results in a gain on their share value, the shareholders will be more than glad but if the share value does not appreciate then they will not be amused.

Nursing Leadership and Management Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Nursing Leadership and Management - Essay Example are most concerned about planning, organizing, staffing, leading, and controlling their departments within set structures (Cherie & Gebrekidan, 2005, p. 81). Managers basically deal with ‘doing the right things’ while leaders deal with ‘doing things right.’ Nurse leaders must focus on theories of leadership as tools to reform the current staffing problems in many nursing facilities in the world. Theories of leadership that can be applied in nursing are behavioral theory, contingency theory, trait theory, and power and influence theories. Behavioral theory is concerned with what a good leader does rather than who he/she is. Nurse leaders who operate under this theory are inactive and passive, allowing their staff to determine their actions. Other leaders here can be democratic, giving equal voice to their staffs and accepting group decisions. Still under behavioral theory, nurse leaders can be autocratic, being the sole decision makers and adopting commands t o staffs rather than being open to suggestions (Cherie & Gebrekidan, 2005, p. 86). Shortage of nurses and dis-interest in this industry is attributed to the main reason that nurses do not feel appreciated or motivated enough in compensation and in recognition of their efforts. Nurse leaders and managers can begin to address this issue by creating work environments that are encouraging to their staffs. Leaders are central to motivation, and they should create environments that are open to interaction and understanding of nursing teams. Managers should, on the other hand, utilize management styles that are democratic and participative rather than autocratic or laissez-faire. Discouraged and demotivated nurses will respond better to suggestions and shared decision-making rather than to commands and one-person... This essay approves that changes in nursing practice are unending, and a shift is needed from the over-management of nursing staff to a leadership model that is adaptive and flexible. The nursing practice is heavily dependent on formal education programs from which staffing and new skills are derived. A best approach that will address personal and professional concerns of nurses in practice is the way forward in reducing staff shortages and turnover. Nursing that is led by a model ‘more leadership than management’ is the ultimate solution. This is the transformational model of leadership that is intent on creating nursing leaders and staffs who ‘work together’ and not ‘one for the other’ for better health care services. Future trends for the nursing practice in the twenty-first century indicate that the high shortage and turnover of nurses can only be permanently ended by a class of nurses who are multi-talented and supported to acquire new skil ls. Transformational leadership in nursing practice is the key to attracting such class of nurses and developing leaders who can effectively manage their resources for better output. This report makes a conclusion that the transformational leadership approach suits best my leadership style that is flexible to different situations. The situational-contingency theory of leadership maintains that no leadership style is the best one and that situation influences good leadership. It is certain that nursing will in the future be affected by changes in medical practice, policy, technology advancements, and alternative therapies among other changes. The extent of these effects or what they will be is not conclusively known; thus, no leadership approach can solely be the most suitable.

The European Community Institutional Framework Essay Example for Free

The European Community Institutional Framework Essay The European community which has its history back in the 1950s when the European Coal and Steel Community (ECSC) was formed to cater for the interests of expanding coal and steel market among member states which stood at six during its formation. In 1957 the European Economic Community was formed together with the European Atomic Energy Community, the Merger Treaty [Merging of the executives, 2007] saw the three bodies merge afterwards to give birth of the now twenty seven member-European Community (EC). The creation of this super body is based on a number of treaties that govern its operations, these treaties that were drafted and mutually agreed up on and accented to provide for the formation of various institutions tat oversee the day to day running of the community’s affairs. The formation of the European community was chiefly to iron out physical boundaries between member states and also to hasten the rate of economic development among other reasons. Due to the diverse interests of the populations of the member states, the community adopted various laws that provide the legal foundation for the representation of these interests. One of the main functions of the legal framework is to give the base for the creation of institutions which cater for the diverse interests of the members. The community’s institutional framework is considered to be unique chiefly because of its separation of power between the three arms that are the basis of it operation, i.e. the judiciary, legislature, and the executive, and partly due to its attempts to secure equal representation of diverse interests while keeping a proper balance between them. The community has got various institutions that are divided in to two categories i.e. politically based institutions ad the non-politically based ones. The political institutions include; the parliament, the commission, and the council, the non-political ones include; court of justice and the court of auditors.

The Signalman and the Red Room are well known examples of nineteenth Es

The Signalman and the Red Room are well known examples of nineteenth century ghost stories. Write a critical comparison of these two stories. A critical comparison of "The Signalman" and "the Red Room" which are well known examples of nineteenth century ghost stories The Signalman" and "the Red Room" are well known examples of nineteenth century ghost stories. Write a critical comparison of these two stories. "The Signalman" by Charles Dickens and "The Red Room" by H.G.Wells are both well known examples of pre-twentieth century ghost stories and are based on the supernatural. Both these tales create suspense and tension in the atmosphere around the people in the story. The stories are set in first person and we are given the thoughts and feelings of the narrator. The pace of "The Signalman" is a slow one the reader isn't given the impression that it is a ghost story but it unravels as the story goes on; this slowly builds up suspense. The atmosphere at the start of "The Signalman" is an eerie one. It is a deep, damp cutting with a dark tunnel described as ... The Signalman and the Red Room are well known examples of nineteenth Es The Signalman and the Red Room are well known examples of nineteenth century ghost stories. Write a critical comparison of these two stories. A critical comparison of "The Signalman" and "the Red Room" which are well known examples of nineteenth century ghost stories The Signalman" and "the Red Room" are well known examples of nineteenth century ghost stories. Write a critical comparison of these two stories. "The Signalman" by Charles Dickens and "The Red Room" by H.G.Wells are both well known examples of pre-twentieth century ghost stories and are based on the supernatural. Both these tales create suspense and tension in the atmosphere around the people in the story. The stories are set in first person and we are given the thoughts and feelings of the narrator. The pace of "The Signalman" is a slow one the reader isn't given the impression that it is a ghost story but it unravels as the story goes on; this slowly builds up suspense. The atmosphere at the start of "The Signalman" is an eerie one. It is a deep, damp cutting with a dark tunnel described as ...

Preliminary Research Design

Individual Research Project-Part 1 Godfrey Boyd American Intercontinental University Abstract There are theoretical and philosophical differences between â€Å"formal research† and â€Å"business proposals†. The advantages and disadvantages related to both can be a benefit depending upon the problem studied. Research is not fully understood in business. This paper will attempt to highlight reasons for limited utilization of research in business. Small businesses are less likely to conduct marketing research. Amy E. Knaup, an economist with the Office of Employment statistics, Bureau of Labor Statistics reported in 2005, 44% of all new business failed in the first 2 years. Individual Research Project-Preliminary Research Design In business, formal research and business proposals have significant differences and some similarities. It is very important to understand the purposes and goals of each. What are some commonalities? Research and business proposals have similar components. Backround information must be identified for both formal research and the business proposal. (American Journal of Small Business, Vol. IX, No. 4, Spring 1985. ) When someone conducts formal research or a business proposal, they have similar goals. Research and business proposals are conducted to find solutions, or solve problems. What are some differences? A formal research proposal differs significantly. Both proposals may appear similar. The purpose of formal research is mainly to find data to solve problems or help businesses make improved decisions on daily operations, or use of the best product. Apple’s iPod was a huge financial success in the early to middle 2000s. In 2008, iPod sales dropped significantly. (Business Week). Apple introduced and upgraded the iPod after a significant market study indicated that the economy and practicality of use were indicators of decreased iPod sales. The business proposal will focus more on the product and make it more successful. The attitude toward market research from small businesses is also a possible reason for businesses failing in less than two years. (Barnes Journal of Small Busienss Management). The formal research problem can focus on problems that sociological, and present clear concepts. Theory is also a hallmark of formal research. The problem studied and evaluated can be compared to previous research. Business proposals are more time sensitive. One of the goals of the business proposal is to research and find a solution to why a product is not doing well in a particular market. Time is of essence in business in order for the business to be successful. The formal research may not have a time constraint but the goal is to find a solution or solve a problem. What are some capabilities of one in contrast with the capabilities of the other? Formal research has the capability to pinpoint data through correct analysis. Hypotheses are validated through appropriate statistical analysis. Business proposals often suggest new products or services with the goal being to make money for the business. The formal research study has the capability to approach the issue theoretically and suggest a practical solution in just what to do to make money. A formal research study will provide valuable conclusions and insight. Formal research highlights complexities, context and emphasizes research. Rigor is the result of carefully collected data and strong accurate investigations. Formal research has to have testability. This means that data was collected correctly and sample sizes were adequate. A capability of a business proposal is the proposal can be done in relatively shorter time period. The business proposal will focus on a product or a business related problem that needs a solution in order to make money. Method Participant (subject) characteristics Sampling procedures Sample size, power, and precision Measures and covariates Research design Experimental manipulations or interventions Results Recruitment Statistics and data analysis Ancillary analyses Participant flow Intervention or manipulation fidelity Baseline data Adverse events Discussion References

How to Teach Values Education in a Corrupt Society? Essay

In our corrupt society, there is one line attached to all the corrupt officers of the government, the line goes like this, â€Å"It is all right to steal provided you do not get caught.† Despite the dysfunctional environment we find ourselves in today, teachers need to teach and reinforce essential values in everyday schooling. These begin with values we learn at home and end with societal norms we need to advocate to make this country of ours a functioning democracy. Honesty and integrity is the first should students understand and acquire. Tell the truth, demand the truth and stand by the truth. Second is Responsibility. Act truthfully and people will give you their trust and confidence. Account for your actions and people will follow you. Third is Courage. Take charge of your actions. Do what is right, even if difficult. Stay the course even when others criticize you. Be brave in whatever you do. Fourth is Respect to others. Look out for others, give them due respect and they will respect you in return. And the last one is Love of country. This country is our reflection. This will tell the world if we Filipinos can compete and gain their respect. Although the depressing failure of many of our national and local leaders to become role models, the media, our schools, the religious should take effort to inculcate among everyone, young and old. Considering the present situation in our country, every effort must be made to receive our old values. Difficult as it may seem – at least we could try and try again and to be every persistent to the very end.

FBI Training Essay Example

FBI Training Essay Example FBI Training Review Essay Example FBI Training Review Essay Example The FBI represents the major home-base counter-terrorism agency with a long history, which is concentrated on legal activities that are protected by the First Amendment. The main purpose of the FBI is not based upon the criminal activity in home-base security investigations. Training and education are an integral part of career development of each FBI agent and policeman. Currently, the training method ideologies associated with how the FBI trains agents differs from and is in some cases similar to the quasi-militarism characteristic methodology, usually used in the typical police academy. How the FBI Trains Agents According to the guidance of the FBI training from March, 2012, the FBI training should be based upon such three main principles as adherence to the basic values of the FBI and conformation to constitutional principles; appropriate support with course materials, organization of training aimed at a targeted audience, and determination to provide message clarity; expertise education of trainers in the subject material (â€Å"The FBIs guiding principles: Touchstone document on training,† 2012). On the contrary, there are no certain standard guidelines or curriculum aimed at the direction and support of community policing by police organizations. However, due to the public disturb and hostility, police officers as well as te FBI agents should have various kinds of training and education (Yardley, 2013). According to the first principle, the FBI training has to emphasize protection of civil liberties and rights. Unlike the FBI, police agencies have their own standards, which are aimed at promotion of trust and cooperation among the public. Thus, the main idea of the police training method is the development of public communication (Yardley, 2013). Training of the FBI agents has to give accurate differentiation between representation and actions protected constitutionally and directed on achievement of social, political or other goals and forcible extremism that can be determined as the use, application of threat or use of violence or force. This distinction is based on the acknowledgment of the appropriate principle that is a simple association with the organizations, which shows that lawful (promotion) and illegal (violent extremism) purposes should not automatically lead to the definition that a corresponding individual promotes the implementation of the illegal purpose of the orga nization (â€Å"The FBIs guiding principles: Touchstone document on training,† 2012). The training of the FBI agents has to underline that any intelligence or investigative activity cannot be based only on the race, ethnic origin, nationality, or religious accessory. In particular, training has to concentrate on behavioral directories, which have a potential for the criminal or terrorist activity. However, the protest activity, religious expression, and maintenance of ideological or political convictions, which are protected by the constitution, should not be considered equal to terrorism or crime (â€Å"The FBIs guiding principles: Touchstone document on training,† 2012). However, the law enforcement officers’ training should be based upon interactive, experiential, and participatory activities. For example, the law enforcement training is based on problem-solving activities and stimulation exercises, which can develop and improve language and communication skills of the policemen (Yardley, 2013). The second principle claims that the FBI training has to serve the target audience in terms of the performance of duties within the zone of responsibility. In order for the training to be effective, it has to correspond to a relevant purpose, give knowledge, and create convenience for the further training. The training program has to be performed in a uniform format with corresponding training materials according to the advanced practice embodied in these leading principles (â€Å"The FBIs guiding principles: Touchstone document on training,† 2012). Unlike the FBI, law enforcement academies apply the ongoing communication training as the major element of the curriculum (Yardley, 2013). The third principle underlines that the real and future trainers have to be estimated regarding to their aptitude to follow the standards stated in the abovementioned document, their special knowledge of business, professionalism, and training methods. All printed materials have to be carefully analyzed by the specialized personnel having a proper level of corresponding subjects understanding. Authors and supervising personnel should turn to the assistance and consultancy of the FBI Academy personnel training in Quantico, the State of Virginia, which can be an effective source of the assistance and information, as well as monitoring during the development or revision of the program of training, especially concerning the correspondence of vocational training to certain purposes (â€Å"The FBIs guiding principles: Touchstone document on training,† 2012). Estimates of the supervision have to include the review of education levels of future trainers and their experience in a training subject. The corresponding training materials have to be requested from other FBI agencies or audience that was trained. The cultural background of the trainer and his or her experience in the law enforcement cannot replace the main knowledge and experience of training (â€Å"The FBIs guiding principles: Touchstone document on training,† 2012). Taking into account that fact that one of the main training ideas is communication with citizens, police trainers attend various courses, where they study the diversity in their communities and estimate certain case studies based upon reflections on the hate crimes. During these courses, police trainers improve their knowledge on how to communicate with the community and then provide this knowledge to the attendants on the position of a police officer at their local police academies. Moreover, unlike the FBI, police training departments use to practice staff exchange programs in order to improve the training capacity of their trainers (â€Å"ODIHR trains police trainers on preventing and responding to hate crimes,† 2013). The staff of the FBI has an access to various internal and external training and educational opportunities. All new employees take a basic course of orientation and receive a theoretical and practical training in the course of work. All special agents visit the new agent’s training class of the FBI in the FBI Academy in Quantico, the State of Virginia. All language analysts, intelligence analysts, surveillance specialists, and investigative specialists visit the Intelligence Career Service (ICS) of the FBI, which is the FBI training program. The FBI also has its own institute on training of the managerial personnel for future leaders in order to develop and improve their skills of the management and leadership. Besides, the FBI sponsors employees for the university and vocational training in programs, which are related to the FBI mission (â€Å"Education and training programs,† n.d.). As well as the FBI training curriculum, police academies use to check the basic knowledge of their applicants by means of online-based written exam providing the data on their math, writing, and reading. However, unlike the FBI, law enforcement academies also obtain the information on the applicants’ personality by means of these exams. Training of police officers is also held in a specialized educational establishment such as Law Enforcement Training Academy located in Tennessee. Nonetheless, the idea of a police officer training differs from the FBI training due to the fact that the characteristic training methodology used predominantly in the typical police academy is based upon the para-militarism. That means that paramilitary characteristics severely require the use of military terminology in order to create a warrior-like world-view among the officers. This methodology may lead to the creation of adherence to outmoded methods of training and operation, unlike the FBIs me thodology of encouraging the creativity (OConnor, 2010). The positions of the special agent at the FBI and the police officer represent a very responsible work. Both the special agent and policeman often appear in situations, which make immense demands to their physical opportunities. In these cases, the fitness condition of the FBI special agent or the police officer often is a decisive factor between the success and failure, and even life and death. Thus, all candidates for these positions must have an excellent physical condition. The indispensable condition of the candidate is an absence of disability, which can prevent in firearms application, raids or defensive tactics. All candidates for a position of the special agent have to be able to pass some tests to get the admission to the FBI Academy in Quantico (â€Å"FBI Special Agent physical requirements,† n.d.). In order to be convinced that special agents of the FBI are completely ready to carry out the duties as leaders in law enforcement agencies, applicants have to pass the standardized physical fitness test. Attendants on the position of the police officer are also requested to pass a physical agility test (OConnor, 2010). The test consists of four obligatory events, which are held in the following order: the maximum number of knee-bends per one minute, running on 300 meters (timed), the maximum quantity of press-ups without a temporary restriction, and running on one and a half miles (timed). The applicants who have successfully passed the official test are considered rather suitable for a safe and successful completion of physical trainings and classes in the defensive tactics as a part of training of new agents in the FBI Academy. Besides, all applicants have to pass the Farnsworth D-15 color vision test successfully; thus, they must have an excellent vision. The strict vision requir ements are based upon the fact that the FBI agents should operate the weapon without bad shots in extreme situations (â€Å"FBI Special Agent physical requirements,† n.d.). Last year, the Federal Bureau of Investigations made considerable changes to a pistol training mode of the agency. New protocols of the pistol training and also unified fire educational packages, which were used in each local office of the FBI, were changed in order to emphasize skills of shooting at a short range and the level of proficiency of the agents. These changes were adopted in order to train the agents better for life-threatening meetings with criminals during firefights in short distances (McCombie, 2013). Meantime, in 2008, all police departments all over the USA adopted the Police Firearms Training Survey, the aim of which was to collect and process the data on deadly force and handgun training practices and methods. In comparison to the FBI, the instructor development and stuffing in police academies remain at a rather low level. Some departments provide full-time instructors, the duty of which is handgun training. However, some departments provide instructors for which the handgun training activity is the collateral duty; thus, the required handgun trainings are relatively infrequently undertaken. Since the differentiation between the two concepts of â€Å"re-qualifying† and â€Å"training† of the officers has considerably grown, some departments decided to minimize their rote marksmanship testing resources use and, instead, concentrate on more beneficial practices and experiences. Unlike the FBI information exchange training principles, trainers of police departments often have no opportunity to access the administrative investigations results, which can be used as a motive force in the improvement of training programs (Morrison, n.d.). Unlike the FBI that is not disclosing the statistical data about the percentage of its agents, which were â€Å"feloniously† shot during the close firing, the Criminal Justice Information Services publishes the statistical data concerning police officers killed during short-distance firing with criminals. During the period of 2002-2011, a scaring number of local and state policemen was killed, and it consists of 500 officers. Thus, in order to prevent such staff loses, both law enforcements and FBIs boards decided to include the short-distance firing trainings into the general training course of their officers and agents (McCombie, 2013). However, unlike the typical police academies, the FBIs training schools made significant investments ailed at improvement of virtual simulation in the course of handgun training. In February 2012, for example, the system of Virtual Simulator Tactical Training was implemented into the course of the FBI agents training. This system is aimed at teaching the FBI agents to enter and clear accommodations in a proper way in order to detect potential suspects, timely achieve the ways of countering armed assaults, and determine the appropriateness of deadly force (McCombie, 2013). Indeed, the latest most effective innovation technology in the police training field was the adoption of the crime mapping process. Crime mapping is actually used as an efficient crime preventing tool and visual crimes trends determination in police practice. Thus, officers trained partially or fully in mechanics of crime mapping and valuable ideas of use of this technology at home departments. However, crime mapping principles are fully available only to detectives with the background in military intelligence analyzing. Before starting to deal with crime mapping, these detectives have to complete special free trainings (Schultz, 2007). According to the aforesaid information, the Federal Bureau of Investigation training curriculum is based upon the counter-terrorism idea. However, unlike the quasi-militarism training characteristic ideology that is predominantly used in the typical police academies, the FBIs ideology is offensive and aggressively corresponding to the Muslims. In 2012, the FBI was ordered to purge its counter-terrorism training materials because they were considered as informal in the actual political context by experts. Besides, FBIs training materials insubstantially claim that Muslim Brotherhood is a terrorist organization. Experts also believe that the anti-terrorism idea of FBIs training materials derogates Muslims from rights, because young men with the Middle Eastern appearance fit the terrorist profile (â€Å"Documents obtained by Judicial Watch Reveal FBI training curricula purged of material deemed â€Å"offensive† to Muslims,† 2013). In contrast to this, one more basic police training idea is that every person is suspected, but not every suspected person is a criminal (Yardley, 2013). In contradistinction to the FBI training idea, policing community, which is characterized by the para-militarism methodology, is aimed at creating the appearance of policing as a kind of warriors, who actually keep the USA for democracy. Nevertheless, many experts consider military thinking within police officers training as a methodology, which is incomparable to the modern necessity of free-acting ad free-thinking officers. The paramilitary training of law enforcement officers teaches them to deal efficiently with civilians and their operational areas. Moreover, the training methodology of police academies teaches officers to follow the Rules of Engagement, which dramatically limit the amount of force that can be applied at a certain place and time (Cowper, 2000). However, as it was mentioned, the FBI agents are allowed to apply their creativity and force in the unlimited amount, depending on the situations. Taking into account all the abovementioned information, one can say that the Federal Bureau of Investigation does not represent the kind of a national police force. Unlike police with its para-militarism training methodology, it represents a national security agency, which deals with various extremely serious security threats at the whole-nation level. Since the mission of the FBI is to secure the USA from the foreign intelligence and terrorism threats, enforce and uphold the U.S. Criminal laws, and provide criminal justice services to the agencies of all levels, the idea of the FBI agents training is based upon these principles. Besides, the FBI anti-terrorism training curriculum is aimed at the maximization of agents performance and minimization of injuries and deaths among them. Therefore, when strengthening its staff by means of trainings’ severe requirements, the FBI enhances the protection of the whole country.

How to Write a Professional Email - Proofread My Paper

How to Write a Professional Email - Proofread My Paper How to Write a Professional Email Not that long ago, in the days of pen and paper, sending a written message across the world was a long and expensive process. Nowadays, all we need to do is knock out a quick email, click the â€Å"send† button and congratulate ourselves on a job well done. But do we take this marvel of modern technology for granted? The ease of sending an email makes it easy to not put much thought into its composition, which can lead to your message being misunderstood. In a professional context, this simply isn’t good enough. As such, to make sure you can communicate clearly via email, try following these handy tips. 1.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The Subject Line The subject line of your email should be specific enough for the recipient to know what your message is about. For example, if you’re sending a CV, you could make the subject line â€Å"[Your name] CV.† Likewise, if you’re writing to ask a question, you could use the question as the subject line. By comparison, just writing â€Å"IMPORTANT!!! PLEASE READ NOW!!!† isn’t very helpful. 2.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Salutation In a formal email, the salutation will usually be: â€Å"Dear [name of recipient].† Unless you know the recipient well, you should either use their full name or their preferred title (e.g., Mr., Mrs., Miss, Ms., etc.). If you don’t know the recipient’s name or gender, use their job title (e.g., â€Å"Dear Recruiter,†) or â€Å"Dear Sir/Madam.† 3.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The Main Body of Your Email The main text of your email should be clear, concise and polite: In the opening lines, identify yourself and your reason for emailing. You may also want to offer a pleasantry to lead on to your main message (e.g., â€Å"I found your article really helpful and would like to ask†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ). Keep things brief by limiting your email to one or two significant points. If you try to pack too much into a single message, the recipient is more likely to overlook something. Consider how your email will be read, including how it will be understood and its tone. Saying â€Å"please† and â€Å"thank you† can definitely help. In formal emails, avoid slang, internet abbreviations (e.g., LOL, IMHO, etc.) and emoji. 4.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Sign Off and Signature The appropriate sign off will depend on how familiar you are with the recipient. If it’s a formal email, like a cover letter, something like â€Å"Yours sincerely† or â€Å"Yours respectfully† should work. On less formal occasions, â€Å"Kind regards† and â€Å"Best wishes† are acceptable alternatives. Your signature is your name plus any additional details you want to include afterwards, such as your job title, company name or a link to your website. 5.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Proofread It! Finally, don’t forget to proofread your message for clarity before sending; if you need to make doubly sure your email is perfect, get in touch with the professionals!

Yahoo Hands On Case Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Yahoo Hands On Case - Research Paper Example panies can directly communicate with the potential customers and motivate them to take required steps like making call to a toll free number or visiting a website so that they can assist the company to raise its revenue. Companies often use filters to identify the target customers so that chances of converting potential customers are high. Often a single successful sale can pay for the cost made for the whole campaign. Hence, effective direct marketing is a cost effective way to market the product and services to the targeted customers. Through direct marketing the company can convey all the required information regarding products and services to the target customers in a more personalised manner. The customers can clear all their doubts regarding the products and services and hence it is quite easy to inspire them. As compared to other forms of marketing, direct marketing is one of the most personalised and effective one (Baverstock, p.95). Direct marketing is not equivalent to mass marketing. Rather it is more like one to one marketing process. Companies often use sophisticated form of data management tools to identify the target customers who possess specific characteristics. Direct marketing helps companies to focus on these target customers to convey the specific information. Such selective nature enhances the success rate of direct marketing (Baverstock, p.95). Direct marketing also helps companies to select the best time for arrival of sales message to the target customers. This further makes the process of marketing more effective (Baverstock, p.96). For example, companies often inform customers about arrival of new collection of designer clothes in their shopping malls in end of November or in early December because this is the time people start their shopping for Christmas. Conveying relevant information to the target people at the right time is the main reason behind the success of direct marketing. Direct marketing should not be considered as a

The Hisory of Investigations Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

The Hisory of Investigations - Research Paper Example This research tells that historical aspect of investigations is widely studied in cultural, social, political, and economic concepts. The recent decades have seen vast numbers of researchers and scholars develop interest and enthusiasm to the study of how investigations are conducted, as well as the rationales for these processes. This includes investigation activities primarily owing to the drastic pace of industrialization, the arising security needs in all phenomenon, the improvements in the technological knowledge, and rampant changes that have taken preeminence in all realms among others. Investigations have been conducted since the beginning of the middle age as a result of knowledge requirements by the early man, who made many historical discoveries. The carrying out of investigations acts as a vital instrument in the provision of a road to essential information discoveries in accordance with its requirements. Moreover, the impacts of investigations conduction include vital in formation retrievement, the realization of various problems that are taken as matters of concern by particular people and at particular periods or seasons as well as providing a rationale for implementing change within various sectors. The context of investigation is quite wide owing to it application in all realms regardless of the kind of operations that are dealt with. Appropriate investigation procedures are those that employ ample methodologies and approaches with an intention of promoting effectiveness and efficiency measures in addition to providing the desired findings.... It is also crucial to provide a presentation of the investigation process conduction by the subjects entrusted with such roles. This will also study factors that influence the need for investigations, its development, and limitations, in addition to the strengths and weaknesses of a public defendant’s office. An overview of the context of investigations The process of studying phenomena in details to enhance comprehension of its course of action entails investigations. The investigation that is conducted in any study field entails efforts of a team, individual searches, or classes of professional groups in certain fields. A wide array of specific studies and subjects are applied in distinct phenomena in order to develop better comprehension of the original requirements. The completion of any kind of investigation entails the interplay of the factors driving to such a study need, the importance of the investigation being conducted, the involved investigators, as well as the sco pe into which the investigations are conducted. The methodologies and processes of conducting the investigations also play a major part in the investigation activities. In addition, evidence of study by investigators include the skin cells or body fluids that are biological like, course dynamics and fingerprints in the study of crimes and other required areas (Husserl and Moran xxix). Investigations require the application of proper formats with the intention of capturing real details in the required field. Different investigators apply distinct investigatory procedures and methodologies in a bid to promote efficiency and effective measures. There are different phenomena in the

Racial Disparities in Americas Justice System Research Paper

Racial Disparities in Americas Justice System - Research Paper Example Whereas the inequalities experienced in other areas of societies are steadily reducing, it is quite concerning that in the country’s criminal justice system, these inequalities continue to grow (LCEF & LCCR, 2000). A report by the National Council on Crime and Delinquency (NCCD), African Americans in the country are estimated to constitute about 13% of the country’s total population, however, despite this relatively low percentage, African-Americans are statistically estimated to constitute about 28% of all arrests. These figures by the NCCD are found to be similar to those of a report by Mauer (1999) that found that despite their constituting of only 13% of the total population, African Americans account for 40% of all the inmates that are currently being held in jails and prisons around the country. In addition to this, they also constitute about 42% of the total population on death row. In comparison, White American are estimated to make up about 67% of the country’s population and account for 70% of all the arrests that are made across the country. They account for 40% of all inmates that are held in prisons and local jails, this is a figure found to be similar to that of the African American population. Whites also make up about 56% of the total population that is currently on death row (Taxman & Byrne, 2005). Native Americans and Hispanics are noted to be alarmingly overrepresented in the United States Criminal justice system.  Ã‚  

Why Is HRT Prescribed For Menopausal Women

Why Is HRT Prescribed For Menopausal Women This dissertation to answer the research question (Why HRT is prescribed for menopausal women despite the risk of breast cancer?) was carried out as mentioned in the methodology section using the literature review methodology. The selected studies were appraised with the critical appraisal tools by the Public health resource Unit. The methodology of literature review had well assisted to review all the studies in the perspective of the other and divulge meaningful evidence and information which in a single study capacity would have been otherwise unnoticed. The Critical appraisal tools have assisted to review all the studies comprehensively to ensure there validity, reliability and applicability so that the result could be generalized to all the menopausal women population. The studies which have been reviewed were conducted in various settings with participants from all types of study population hence the results are a wholesome reunion of the existing predisposing factors with the associated risk of HRT in the incidence of breast cancer. ANSWER TO THE RESEARCH QUESTION Every doctor has the relief of the patient of utmost importance while prescribing a treatment and every treatment is meant to bring relief. And treatment has dose schedules, administration guidelines and perhaps side-effects which are generally explained by the doctor. But unlike other medicines there is a lot of unrest around the use of HRT though the associated risk when evaluated with other factors is not high. Keeping the results and conclusions derived from these studies in the present and elements for further research in front, it is seen that HRT does have benefits. These associated benefits with use of HRT according to this study are: 1) Use of HRT decreases the risk of death overall (Sellers et.al,1997) (Sener et.al, 2009) and is associated with recurrence, metastasis-free survival and better overall and disease-free survival than HRT nonusers in the univariate analysis irrespective of the start of menopause (Sener et.al , 2009) (Bonneir et.al, 1998) 2) HRT does not increase the risk of breast cancer when administered to women for whom other risk factors have been excluded (Tzingounis et.al, 1996). 2) There is an inverse relationship between HRT and mortality due to coronary heart disease, stroke and cancers other than breast (Sellers et.al, 1997) 4) Use of HRT gives fewer locally advanced cancers and smaller and better-differentiated cancers compared to non-users (Bonneir et.al, 1998). 5) HRT is a favourable prognostic factor for breast cancer. (Bonneir et.al, 1998) 6) Use of HRT counteracts the increased incidence of breast cancer with the lower incidence of other tumors. (Olsson et.al, 2001) 7) Long term HRT use has a favorable effect against colorectal and endometrial cancer. (Writing Group for the Womens Health Initiative Investigators, 2002) (Corrao et.al, 2008). 8) Use of trans-dermal HRT compared to the oral use of HRT is associated with lesser risk of breast cancer (Million women study collaborators, 2003) (Corrao et.al, 2008) which is presumed by the WHI, 2002. However these benefits depend on many other inter-connected factors of duration of use, age of the menopausal woman, past personal history of HRT used, family history related to breast cancer, dose of the HRT administered and type of HRT regime prescribed. These same factors affect the element of risk as well in the following way. 1) Risk of breast cancer may be increased with HRT use for duration of 5 years or less in women with family history of breast cancer (Sellers et.al,1997) (Olsson et.al, 2001). 2) Increased risk of breast cancer after prolonged use of HRT (Olsson et.al, 2001) (Sellers et.al, 1997) (Corrao et.al, 2008) (Sellers et.al, 1997) (Olsson et.al, 2001). This risk increased with increasing duration of use and decreased with time and reached at baseline with 5 years time. (Ewertz et.al, 2005) (Million women study collaborators, 2003) 3) Higher risk in current users than in past users which was greater for combined therapy than for other oral types of HRT (Million women study collaborators, 2003). 4) Women who used combined estrogen and progestin HRT regime are at increased risk of breast cancer (Stahlberg et.al, 2004) (Million women study collaborators, 2003) and Oral HRT use for long term had a higher risk of breast cancer than trans-dermal use of HRT (Corrao et.al, 2008). 5) Increased risk of breast cancer with current use of HRT in women of 50 years of age and above which increased with increased use. No increased risk in women between the ages of 40-49 (Ewertz et.al, 2005) (Million women study collaborators, 2003). 6) The risk of breast cancer increased in women who were current HRT users and had used OC in the past. (Lund et.al, 2007) 7) HRT users developed breast cancer at a younger age than non HRT users (Sener et.al, 2009). According to the synopsis of the issues and factors derived it can be concluded that there are benefits associated with use of HRT which mutually depend on the risk factors. And this is the reason why HRT is prescribed for menopausal women despite the risk of breast cancer. And these will again depend on gynecologist judgment and patients level of knowledge and awareness (2006). RECOMMENDATIONS To bring the optimal benefit with minimally associated risk, HRT could be prescribed to menopausal women for lesser duration which the studies present as 5 years. This duration which could be disputable and the age of the women also has to be considered with the link of different effects of HRT in different age groups would again depend on the individual gynecologists judgment and the patients compliance for regular follow up and mammographic screening. An attempt has been made to clear the otherwise existing dilemma of prescribing HRT or not but this again depends on many other factors which are most importantly the patients follow up and the doctors perception of the associated prescribing strategies. However more research is needed as within the limitations of this dissertation though it is possible to conclude that there are benefits associated with the use of HRT despite the risk of breast cancer; it is not possible to chalk out an effective prescribing strategy. And to bring any considerable changes a prescribing strategy and better patient compliance for follow-up would be needed. LESSONS LEARNT These total results, conclusions and opinions from the studies have presented some principle elements which could guide through the dilemma of prescribing HRT to yet another menopausal woman. 1) It is evident that duration has a role to play in the increase of the foresaid risk of breast cancer and that there is no risk with the use of HRT in the past. 2) A lot would also depend on the gynecologist or the physicians prescribing principles. It would be needed by them to follow some guiding factors like evaluating high-risk and low-risk women, family history and previous history of Oral Contraceptives which would vary for each patient. 3) A regular follow-up and timely check up as mentioned would help to catch otherwise unnoticeable breast changes. 4) Another factor which needs to be pursued for future research and studies is the type of HRT regimes. In routine HRT is prescribed orally hence less is known about other methods of administration which could perhaps assist in reducing the risk. 5) It would also be helpful to find if there is a link with the BMI and use of HRT. Generally obesity is linked to many diseases and unhealthy conditions and this would help to categorize women into high or low risk group. This dissertation has tried to bring up some associating factors which could help to extract the optimal benefits with lesser risk. This systematic approach has helped conduct this dissertation so as to answer the research question. However research in healthcare is never ending and is expanding every day (Aveyard, 2010). New studies with various designs are being conducted around this topic as I write my dissertation which will bring in more new opinions and evidences which will form base for yet another dissertation or study tomorrow to help develop a successful prescribing strategy.

Comparing the Opening Scenes of Romeo and Juliet and Macbeth Essay

The opening scene of any play is extremely important because it can play a major role in establishing key elements throughout the rest of the performance. The main elements are the characters, themes, language, settings and plot. The audience can form a basic idea of these elements involved to spark their interest in the play. There is a great deal of contrast between the opening scenes of â€Å"Macbeth† and â€Å"Romeo and Juliet†, both by William Shakespeare. The first scene of â€Å"Macbeth† by William Shakespeare is very short, but full of impact. The thunder and lightning alone give it a dramatic opening, which grabs the interest of the audience, as it is representative of evil. These dramatic sound effects help to set the eerie and supernatural atmosphere that Shakespeare wanted to create along with the witches. The witches introduce us to a dark, dangerous play, in which the theme of evil is central. The witches say little but we learn a lot about them from this first scene. The mood of the play is set in this opening scene, although the action doesn’t start until the next scene. The presence of supernatural forces in the opening scene of â€Å"Macbeth†, provides for much of the play’s dramatic tension and the mounting suspense. â€Å"When shall we three meet again? In thunder, lightning, or in rain?† This is the opening line of the play â€Å"Macbeth†. It immediately draws the audiences attention and captures their imagination, as the supernatural world fascinated people in Elizabethan England. At the time the play was first performed and at the time that Shakespeare was writing it, witchcraft was a great enemy of the state and people became enthralled by these peculiar, suspicious witches. Witch-hunts took place and many people were convicted o... ...beth† and â€Å"Romeo and Juliet† are utterly contrasting, they are both interesting and enjoyable in their own unique ways. Works Cited and Consulted Bradley, A.C. Shakespearean Tragedy. Toronto: Penguin Books Canada Ltd., 1991. Bryant, Joseph A., ed. William Shakespeare’s The Tragedy of Romeo and Juliet. New York: Penguin, 1990. Edwards, Terence. Twentieth Century Interpretations of Macbeth. New Jersey: Prentice-Hall Inc., 1977. Hunter, G.K. "Macbeth in the Twentieth Century." Aspects of Macbeth. Ed. Kenneth Muir Shakespeare, William. Tragedy of Macbeth . Ed. Barbara Mowat and Paul Warstine. New York: Washington Press, 1992. Watts, Cedric. Twayne's New Critical Introductions to Shakespeare: Romeo and Juliet. Boston: Twayne Publishers, 1991. Scott, Mark W. (Editor). Shakespeare for Students. Gale Research Inc. Detroit, Michigan. 1992 Comparing the Opening Scenes of Romeo and Juliet and Macbeth Essay The opening scene of any play is extremely important because it can play a major role in establishing key elements throughout the rest of the performance. The main elements are the characters, themes, language, settings and plot. The audience can form a basic idea of these elements involved to spark their interest in the play. There is a great deal of contrast between the opening scenes of â€Å"Macbeth† and â€Å"Romeo and Juliet†, both by William Shakespeare. The first scene of â€Å"Macbeth† by William Shakespeare is very short, but full of impact. The thunder and lightning alone give it a dramatic opening, which grabs the interest of the audience, as it is representative of evil. These dramatic sound effects help to set the eerie and supernatural atmosphere that Shakespeare wanted to create along with the witches. The witches introduce us to a dark, dangerous play, in which the theme of evil is central. The witches say little but we learn a lot about them from this first scene. The mood of the play is set in this opening scene, although the action doesn’t start until the next scene. The presence of supernatural forces in the opening scene of â€Å"Macbeth†, provides for much of the play’s dramatic tension and the mounting suspense. â€Å"When shall we three meet again? In thunder, lightning, or in rain?† This is the opening line of the play â€Å"Macbeth†. It immediately draws the audiences attention and captures their imagination, as the supernatural world fascinated people in Elizabethan England. At the time the play was first performed and at the time that Shakespeare was writing it, witchcraft was a great enemy of the state and people became enthralled by these peculiar, suspicious witches. Witch-hunts took place and many people were convicted o... ...beth† and â€Å"Romeo and Juliet† are utterly contrasting, they are both interesting and enjoyable in their own unique ways. Works Cited and Consulted Bradley, A.C. Shakespearean Tragedy. Toronto: Penguin Books Canada Ltd., 1991. Bryant, Joseph A., ed. William Shakespeare’s The Tragedy of Romeo and Juliet. New York: Penguin, 1990. Edwards, Terence. Twentieth Century Interpretations of Macbeth. New Jersey: Prentice-Hall Inc., 1977. Hunter, G.K. "Macbeth in the Twentieth Century." Aspects of Macbeth. Ed. Kenneth Muir Shakespeare, William. Tragedy of Macbeth . Ed. Barbara Mowat and Paul Warstine. New York: Washington Press, 1992. Watts, Cedric. Twayne's New Critical Introductions to Shakespeare: Romeo and Juliet. Boston: Twayne Publishers, 1991. Scott, Mark W. (Editor). Shakespeare for Students. Gale Research Inc. Detroit, Michigan. 1992

Promoting and Protecting Public Health

– Evaluate the effectiveness of promoting and protecting public health . Lung Cancer [pic] One of the campaigns is lung cancer campaign ‘got a cough, get a check! ’ it shows the symptoms of lung cancer, saying that if you are coughing a lot or if you cough up blood, neck pain and shortness of breath to see your doctor. This will mean that people can be checked earlier than leaving it for it to just get worse.Lung cancer is the most common cause of death ‘’it is known that smokers and ex-smokers have a particularly high risk of developing the disease: although most lung cancers are related to smoking, 10% of people with lung cancer have never smoked. ’’ (http://lungcancercampaign. org/patient-information/). Which links to the smoking campaigns, in 2013 the department of health launches new anti-smoking campaign which highlights cancer risks. ‘’ The campaign has been developed on the back of research which shoes that more than a third of smokers still believe that the health risks associated with smoking are â€Å"greatly exaggerated†. ’ (http://www. guardian. co. uk/media/2012/dec/28/new-year-anti-smoking-campaign-cancer-risks). This campaign will be advertised on the TV and also on billboards; I think that this campaign unlike other will be a lot more effective as the images I feel are disturbing. The campaign advert shows that when you smoke the chemicals you inhale cause mutations in your body, a mutation are how cancer starts. Every 15 cigarettes you smoke will cause a mutation. If you could see the damage you’d stop! [pic]After the advert it shows you were to go to quit smoking, by getting help and get the quit packages. Which is free from the NHS (one of the socio economic factors), the national no smoking day proves that ‘’helping over 1. 5 million smokers quit for good since 1984. And around three quarters of a million people make a quit attempt each No Smoking Day’’(http://www. nosmokingday. org. uk). Which shows that smoking campaigns are working as more people are trying to quit and lot of them are succeeding.Quitting smoking will be a big help on the amount of people who are being diagnosed with lung cancer. Another lung cancer campaign is the Roy Castle Lung Cancer Foundation, they have a website which shows people about lung cancer and then how to get in contact for help; they have supporting group to find out how to cope and understanding lung cancer will help the individual find what they need. They have many fundraising and events to help raise money for treatments and to make more campaigns on risks of lung cancer and symptoms of lung cancer.The Roy Castle Lung Cancer Foundation have many campaigns, one of them being supporting the plain packs on cigarettes as ‘’every year, another 340 000 children in the UK are tempted to try smoking’’ (http://www. roycastle. org/news-and-campaigning). [p ic] ‘November is lung cancer awareness month’ and ‘Women against lung cancer’ is some of the campaigns that they run. They also have a campaign aimed at young people who smoke which is known as the Anti-Tobacco Youth Campaign, it is a campaign to make younger people stop smoking at a younger age as the longer a person smokes the higher the risk of cancer is.It aims at making youngsters feel strong enough not be influenced to smoke by social factors. This foundation also wrote to the prime minister, to explain the statistics that they have found about the amount of people dying each year due to lung cancer and smoking. It also says what they want the government to take action on – continue to support work raising awareness of lung cancer signs and symptoms, protect lung cancer clinical nurse specialist posts, ensure continuation of national lung cancer audit and continue to support investment in stop smoking service provision.This is the link to the l etter they send to the prime minister —- http://www. roycastle. org/news-and-campaigning/Campaigns/Open-Letter-to-the-Prime-Minister. [pic] The graph above shows that the amount of deaths from lung cancer related to smoking is dropping after in 1964 it was at its highest rates, but the rate for women dying from smoking related deaths/lung cancer is increasing whereas for men it is decreasing. For lung cancer I feel like there is a lot of campaigns that are helping to minimise cancer for example the national none smoking day ‘’ helping over 1. million smokers quit for good since 1984. And around three quarters of a million people make a quit attempt each No Smoking Day’’. (http://www. nosmokingday. org. uk/). However although all these campaigns and advertising are helping, what happens if people don’t watch the TV much as they are working most of the day then have children, they don’t pay attention to the adverts and also don’t have time to go to different events like the national no smoking day holds.Therefore I think for the future the government should have more advertising on the risks of smoking around the public for example on the windows of the local shops, so when people go in to buy their packs of cigarettes they notice the warning. Also the price of cigarettes should continue to go up, with less jobs these days if people are having to pull out more and more money they may realise cigarettes are too much and they need to spend the money on supporting their family. Sexually Transmitted DiseasesUnfortunately there are not many campaigns for sexually transmitted diseases; one of the most popular ones that people know about is about chlamydia. The chlamydia campaign is the chlamydia screening campaign; it is encouraging people the age of 16-24 to get tested for chlamydia as there are no obvious symptoms for this STI. [pic] There is also a TV advert, from the health protection agency saying that how ma ny people do you need to sleep with before you get chlamydia. I think this campaign is affective as it is confidential, all you need to do it test a number to get a test send out then you post it in – no one needs to know hat you have taken one. Because it is confidential I think more and more people will feel confident to take the test after having sex with someone. However, because this is only for 16-24 year olds this is the bad point that if you are over 24 then you cannot take the test? So what happens if someone is over the age of 24 and think they have chlamydia, how do they get tested and treated? And the age of woman who are catching STIs are rising as there are more divorces these days, so this means they are finding more sexual partners. pic] ‘’Data from the Health Protection Agency (HPA) indicates a worrying increase in sexually transmitted infections with sexual health clinics reporting 482,700 new cases in 2009, which is an increase of around 12,000 on the previous year’’ (http://www. guardian. co. uk/society/2010/aug/25/sexually-transmitted-infections-hit-record-high). The government issuing C cards which is free condoms to attempt to address STI’s. However there are competencies around this, in this case it is called Gillick competencies i. e. he person needs to be assessed as capable and knowledgeable etc. Gillick competence is a term from the law to indicate if a child under the age of 16 is able to consent their own medical treatment. Relating to contraception the Gillick came up with the decision that the prescription of contraception was a matter for the doctor's discretion, and that they could be prescribed to under sixteen’s without parental consent. This is good as many sixteen year olds or under who are sexually active, don’t want to inform their mam or dad that they are having sex.So if they can go and get contraception without parental consent they it will be proven that more kid s are having protected sex. [pic] The chart above shows that over the 4 years from 2006 to 2010 rates aren’t decreasing; in fact there are more people now with chlamydia. There also was a huge increase in those affected with syphilis; although it did decrease a little it isn’t totally decreased. This makes me believe that what the government is doing to prevent STIS and make more people have safe sex isn’t working. They need a different or bigger approach to it!There aren’t enough campaigns on sexually transmitted infections the only one that people know of is the one on chlamydia, which is not linking with gonorrhoea as the test now covers both. I think that the government need to advertise more campaigns on the TV, as there isn’t many that is scaring people of what sleeping with many sexual partners is doing to them. I think it should be more disturbing, not just the symptoms advertised there should be adverts that show what it is doing to the bo dy especially in the long run if the infection is not treated. Reference ttp://lungcancercampaign. org/patient-information/ (accessed 8. 3. 13) http://www. guardian. co. uk/media/2012/dec/28/new-year-anti-smoking-campaign-cancer-risks (accessed 8. 3. 13) http://www. nosmokingday. org. uk (accessed 8. 3. 13) http://www. roycastle. org/news-and-campaigning (accessed 8. 3. 13) http://www. roycastle. org/news-and-campaigning/Campaigns/Open-Letter-to-the-Prime-Minister (accessed 8. 3. 13) http://www. guardian. co. uk/society/2010/aug/25/sexually-transmitted-infections-hit-record-high (accessed 8. 3. 13) http://www. nosmokingday. org. uk/ (accessed 27. 3. 13)