The Social Class Structures Sociology Essay

The Social Class Structures Sociology Essay The Sumerian human advancement was one of the most punctual in Mesopotamia. The Sumerians existed around 3500-1750 B.C. The Sumerian progress was not found until the nineteenth century. The accompanying original copy will cover three key themes the Sumerian Creation Story, the contrasted social class framework with the contemporary United States, and how the various leveled structure set out by the Sumerian Empire contrasts and our present criminal equity framework. In conclusion, the instructive material will show the likenesses and contrasts between the antiquated Sumerian Empire and todays contemporary United States. This exploration will assist people with seeing early human advancements and how they contrast with todays society. The data found will likewise show how early human advancements constructed their social orders. The Social Class Structures and Criminal Justice Systems of Sumerian and the United States Sumer was an assortment of city states around the Lower Tigris and Euphrates waterways in what is presently southern Iraq. It was an assortment of cultivating towns. Every one of these urban communities had singular rulers; despite the fact that the pioneer of the predominant city could have been viewed as the lord of the area. The Sumerians framed the most punctual composed language. Their strict convictions additionally are found to have a few likenesses with the Bible, particularly the book of Genesis. This exposition will investigate the Sumerian Empire and the United States. To look into the two the Sumerian Creation, social classes, and criminal equity framework will be surveyed. Initially, I will assess the account of the Sumerian Creation. Next, I will think about the diverse social classes between the Sumerian development and the United States. In conclusion, I will talk about the progressive structure set out by the Sumerian Empire contrasted with our present criminal equity framework. Writing Review This writing audit centers around writing in regards to Sumer and the Sumerian Creation Story, especially concentrating on the Sumerian social class chain of importance. Moreover, this writing audit inspects the contemporary social structure in the US and the current criminal equity framework. Conversation Sumerian Creation Story The Sumerians Creation Story starts with the earth and the sky being made in the ocean. The Sumerian legends have been sorted out because of the age of the remaining parts found. After the earth and the sky were made the divine beings made urban communities and every city had its own god. The male god, An, and the female god, Ki, brought forth Enlil, the main divine force of the pantheon. Enlil impregnated Ninlil, the goddess of wind, which made the moon. At the point when the moon was made then the time had come to make people. The Sumerian divine beings made a few people out of residue or dirt. From the assessment of the Sumerians Creation Story likenesses to the Bible can be found. As in Genesis, the Sumerians world is shaped the sky and earth are isolated from each other by a strong arch. The second part of Genesis presents the heaven Eden, a spot which is like the Sumerian Dilmun. (Gen. 2:9-10) In the second form of the production of man The Lord God shaped man out of the earth of the ground and blew into his noses the breath of life, thus man turned into a living being. The Sumerian divine beings utilized a comparative strategy in making man (Kramer Maier p. 33). Sumerian and United States: Social Class The Sumerian social class is part into three social gatherings. These social gatherings comprise of privileged, in the middle of class or white collar class, and most minimal class. At the highest point of the Sumerian privileged is the ruler and ministers. The high society likewise included landowners, government authorities, and shippers. Something that hung out in the Sumerian social class was that ladies had a greater number of rights in early Sumer than in later Mesopotamia. High society ladies were priestesses. The Sumerian ladies were landowners, vendors, craftsmans, and most brought up kids. Slaves made up the most reduced class alongside detainees, vagrants, poor youngsters, and account holders. The Sumerians utilized slaves as modest work. Sumerians permitted slaves the option to work together, acquire cash, and purchase opportunity. In the United States the market analysts and sociologists have not formulated precise rules for the social classes. Rather there are two set classes including the three-class model that comprise of the rich, working class, and poor people. In the three-class model the rich obviously have the riches, white collar class comprise of the individuals who work salaried occupations, and the poor are the industrial laborers or the individuals who are jobless. The other model that is most ordinarily utilized is the five-class model including high society, upper-center, center, lower-center, and lower class. In the five-class model it is destitute down somewhat more. The high society term is applied to the blue bloods who are the families who are multi-generational riches. These families likewise have authority in high society. The remainder of the privileged is trailed by the individuals who have made critical venture off of capital and investment opportunities just as the corporate first cla ss who have significant pay employments, for example, being a Chief Executive Officers (CEO). The upper white collar class comprises of profoundly taught salaried expert: doctors, legal advisors, researchers, and teachers. The upper white collar class will in general have an extraordinary impact over society. The working class and the lower white collar class appear to cover. The white collar class comprises of semi-experts, skilled workers, office staff, and deals representatives. These individuals regularly have professional educations. The lower white collar class regularly incorporates similar callings with the exception of those in the lower working class don't have a higher education. Those without the professional education are regularly on the passage level in those vocations. The low class is the manual specialists. These manual laborers are viewed as the working poor. A large portion of the populace in the United States is viewed as the common laborers or the working poor. Sumerian and United States: Criminal Justice System The Sumerian lawful framework, one of the most punctual known criminal equity frameworks, concentrated on a residents consistence with the normal practices and strict convictions of the day. Notwithstanding social class, severe consistence with requests and guidelines was remunerated, while inability to consent was rebuffed (Sterba, 1976, p. 25). Such discipline was similar with the injury (Sterba, 1976). The Sumerians set up an arrangement of laws to manage individual wounds, slave issues, sexual offenses, conjugal issues, and rural disputesâ' (Milosavljevic, 2007, p. 7). Controlling the conduct of its residents helped maintain the social control. From its most punctual days, the criminal equity framework in America has served to secure the premiums of the rich, property-possessing classes. Wrongdoing is regularly connected with the working poor and the underclass (Jargowsky Park, 2009). Along these lines, wrongdoing is frequently an issue in urban regions with low salary levels. Raised wrongdoing levels have been credited to neighborhood social confusion coming from urban auxiliary changes, private shakiness, and racial/ethnic advances (Jargowsky Park, 2009, p.30). The contemporary criminal equity framework has been seen as a methods for managing class interests by safeguarding that authorization endeavors are coordinated toward the guideline of poor people. (Weiner, 1975, p. 436). End There are a few contrasts among Sumer and contemporary American culture. For example, the situation of ladies is notably unique in the two social structures. Moreover, subjugation no longer exists in the United States, disposing of this most minimal of social classes. The collective way of life of Sumer remains in sharp difference to the entrepreneur society of the United States. At long last, the criminal equity frameworks of these two social orders have various objectives and goals. Among the contrasts among Sumer and the United States is the situation of ladies in the public eye. In Sumer, it was the male residents who involved the get together of seniors and who controlled the influence and abundance of the network. Not at all like in Sumer, the US is not, at this point controlled only by men. In the United States, the decree that  ³all men are made equalâ' has been deciphered to incorporate ladies as well as individuals from every single social class. The Fourteenth Amendments Equal Protection proviso ensures that no state will deny to any individual inside its locale the equivalent assurance of the laws (U.S. Const. Revise. XIV). In this way, individuals all things considered, just as ladies, are secured similarly by the laws of the United States. Another distinction among Sumer and the United States is bondage. Until 1863, subjugation was lawful in the United States (Harr Hess, 2002).The Emancipation Proclamation formally liberated the slaves and banned bondage (Harr Hess, 2002). Those in the slave states didn't quickly agree to the Emancipation Declaration (Harr Hess, 2002). The Thirteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution nullified subjugation in America (U.S. Const. Alter. XIII). Interestingly, slaves made up the most reduced social class in Sumer. Not at all like in the United States, the individuals of Sumer had a common way of life. Individuals didn't work for cash, nor did they contend to get rich to the detriment of others. The extraordinary greater part securely relied upon the leader of their home to fill their necessities, and he, thus, relied upon them to increment and ensure his riches and position (Ellison, 1964, p. 22). Further, every city was considered to be the exceptional worry of one of the divine beings in Mesopotamia, and as it were the equalitarianism of government put each man in the situation of being a watchman of that divine beings interests (Ellison, 1964, p. 24). Conversely, the United States has both urban and rustic networks in which individuals work for cash and endeavor to better their social circumstance. Moreover, under free enterprise

Marxist Analysis of the Hunger Games free essay sample

The Hunger Games happens after the obliteration of North America, in a country known as Panem, which comprises of a rich Capitol and twelve encompassing, more unfortunate locale. Region 12, where the book starts, is situated in the coal-rich area that was once in the past Appalachia. As discipline for a past defiance to the Capitol in which a thirteenth area was decimated, one kid and one young lady between the ages of 12 and 18 from each locale are chosen by yearly lottery to take an interest in the Hunger Games, a broadcast occasion in which the members (or tributes) must battle to the passing in a hazardous open air field constrained by the Capitol until just one remains. The story follows 16-year-old Katniss Everdeen, a young lady from District 12 who volunteers for the 74th yearly Hunger Games instead of her more youthful sister, Primrose. Likewise chose from District 12 is Peeta Mellark, a dough punchers child whom Katniss knows from school, who once gave her bread when her family was starving† (Wikipedia 1). There are solid scholarly subjects all through this work promptly loan themselves to different types of investigate. This paper will concentrate on two fundamental kinds of abstract analysis. The first is Marxist analysis, for which there is a lot of material that uncovers the novel’s expressly hostile to radical plan. There is a solid persecution of the poor by the rich, and financial enslavement is answerable for the immense dissimilarity between the â€Å"haves† and the â€Å"have nots†. The Capitol overwhelms its locale by controlling training and the media, keeping the regions in a condition of craving and destitution, and observing all parts of existence with a bird eye. The second type of artistic analysis applied to The Hunger Games will be women's activist investigate. Katniss is introduced as a solid, autonomous lady who appears to have risen above the bounds of the conventional female sex job, and she is at last effective because of her capacity to assume the qualities of either sexual orientation as required by her circumstance. She is her family’s supplier, having received run of the mill manly obligations in chasing, dealing, and securing her sister and mom. Be that as it may, there are times where she can be ensured or bolstered by a male character without feeling debased or agreeable. Moreover, the female characters all through the set of three who take a stab at uniquely ladylike sexual orientation jobs are met with restriction and inauspicious disaster. At last, The Hunger Games is a superb work of youthful grown-up fiction that utilizes a cutting edge, tragic culture to offer perusers the opportunity to investigate and scrutinize Marxist belief systems just as women's activist idea. Marxist Critique of The Hunger Games One of the most grounded subjects in The Hunger Games is its judgment of colonialism, which is spoken to by the Capitol of Panem. All through its pages, the novel welcomes perusers to decry the severe financial powers and abusive belief systems of the Capitol and its delegates. The Hunger Games surely has a Marxist plan as it uncovers the devastating impacts of the persecution of the individuals by the world class not many. Residents of the Capitol are leading existences of extravagance and simplicity while the dedicated and devastated residents of different regions battle to get by. These are â€Å"men and ladies with slouched shoulders, swollen knuckles, numerous who have since a long time ago quit attempting to scour the coal dust out of their messed up nails, the lines of their depressed faces† (Collins 4). They are the ideal portrayal of the Marxist working class, â€Å"the dominant part of the worldwide populace who live in unacceptable conditions and who have consistently played out the physical work that fills the coffers of the rich† (Tyson 54). They have lost expectation and simply drudge under the mastery of the advantaged first class, the bourgeoisie who control the world’s regular, financial, and HR. This control overruns each part of their lives †they are continually viewed by â€Å"Peacekeepers† who guarantee that there is no trace of defiance among the individuals. Katniss and her closest companion Gale (a kid who likewise lost his dad at a youthful age) have only hatred for the Orwellian â€Å"big brother† nosiness of the Capitol. â€Å"District Twelve. Where you can starve to death in safety,† Katniss mumbles. At that point she looks rapidly behind her. Indeed, even here, even in the center of no place, you stress somebody may catch you† (Collins 4). The areas are not emphatically separated among themselves by religion, ethnicity, or sexual orientation, but instead appear to work as strong networks all by themselves. They are kept from speaking with each other. In any case, their capacity to rally and ascend against the persecution is seen toward the finish of the set of three, when the locale beat their dread of control and consolidate as one to overcome the Capitol. Most of the residents of the locale stay compliant. A Marxist knowledge would uncover that they are unequivocally kept hostage by the oppressive belief systems working in their lives †philosophies that keep them from understanding the material/chronicled conditions in which they live, in light of the fact that the individuals are delayed to recognize that these belief systems influence their lives. Nonetheless, a couple of the fundamental characters do see this suppression, and they carry on against it. One noticeable model is in the technique by which kids are gone into the lottery to become tributes in the Hunger Games. At the point when a youngster turns 12, they are entered once, at that point twice when they are 13, three times when they’re 14, etc. Be that as it may, poor and starving kids have the alternative to include their name in more occasions in return for â€Å"tesserae. Each tesserae merits a pitiful year’s flexibly of grain and oil for one person† (13). They may likewise do this for every one of their relatives. So the rich youngsters, who have no requirement for tesserae, have far lower odds of being picked to battle until the very end. By keeping the poor in a consistent condition of dread and persecution and keeping the affluent substance and cheerful, the Capitol guarantees that there is no disobedience. Katniss clarifies this, talking about her companion Gale: â€Å"I’ve tuned in to him bluster about how the tesserae are simply one more instrument to cause wretchedness in our area. An approach to plant contempt between the destitute specialists of the Seam and the individuals who can for the most part depend on dinner and consequently guarantee we will never confide in each other. ‘It’s to the Capitol’s preferred position to have us partitioned among ourselves,’ he may state if there were no ears to hear however mine† (13). Moreover, the Capitol employs its capacity the entire year between the Games, by giving the triumphant locale blessings of grain, oil, and even rarities like sugar, while the remainder of the regions keep on doing combating starvation. This assists the environment of detachment between regions. The imperialistic Capitol additionally bolsters the industrialist thought of â€Å"survival of the fittest† in the Games. Be that as it may, like subjects evident in today’s society, the tributes from specific regions have an unmistakable favorable position, having been very much taken care of and prepared for battle for their entire lives. The less-advantaged tributes from more unfortunate locale have needed to work the entire day to accommodate themselves and their families, and in this way have an extreme shortcoming when set in opposition to the others. Also, inside the Games, tributes are dependent upon rich â€Å"sponsors† who take them on, wagering that they’ll win. Backers can send food, medication, and weapons to help the supported tribute in their battle for endurance. Notwithstanding any aptitudes that a tribute may have, the person in question is still only a pawn in a round of diversion, constrained by the speculation of the rich and kept alive (or not) exclusively for their entertainment. There is an overwhelming oversight of culture inside The Hunger Games. Opportunity of thought and the sway of truth take a secondary lounge to the Capitol’s urgent need to look after force. The instruction of the youngsters in District 12 (Katniss’s home region) would be intensely denounced by Marxist pundits †the vast majority of the courses are identified with coal mining, which is the core of that district’s economy. â€Å"Except for the week after week address on the historical backdrop of Panem,† as Katniss uncovers, â€Å"It’s for the most part a great deal of blather about what we owe the Capitol. Yet, I know there must be more than they’re letting us know, a genuine record of what occurred during the rebellion† (42). It’s uncovered in the later books that there is without a doubt another locale, obscure to the residents of Panem, that endure the resistance and lives underground where it’s plotting to topple the Capitol. Furthermore, while the Games are broadcast for â€Å"the citizens’ entertainment†, they are profoundly edited to depict just pictures that are strong of the Capitol’s power. Katniss gets to know another tribute in the field that is later slaughtered in the activity. As a little demonstration of disobedience, to attempt to give her companion some respect in death, Katniss puts the girl’s body in a quiet position, shuts her eyes, and encompasses her with lovely wildflowers. Her endeavor to say something, in any case, is precluded from that day’s feature reel that’s communicate to the country, â€Å"because even that likens to rebellion† (363). Another strategy for abuse of the low class by the bourgeoisie is the isolation of the areas. Residents are not permitted outside their own, and thus there is less danger of an uprising. In the Games, when Katniss converses with her partner from another region, it’s a novel encounter for her to catch wind of life outside of District 12: â€Å"It’s intriguing, finding out about her life. We h

Houston-area Suburbia kid Makes Trek to MIT Campus Preview Weekend with Mother

Houston-area Suburbia kid Makes Trek to MIT Campus Preview Weekend with Mother Hello everyone, prospectives for the coming years and prefrosh alike: Picture this headline: Houston-area Suburbia kid Makes Trek to MIT Campus Preview Weekend with Mother This is his story. So yeah, I had decided about MIT the instant I got my acceptance letter (deferred, got in regular Woohoo!) or shortly thereafter. After talking over all the awesome reasons that I wanted to go MIT even over the other prestigious institutions Id been accepted to (awesome engineering schools in NYC, Pittsburgh, and Houston you figure it out), I proceeded from the hotel I stayed at Wed. night to CPW registration. I was delighted to find Matt Mcgann and Ben Jones waiting at the table for me and any other prefrosh. No matter, I was on a mission. Since Matt Mcgann was occupied on the phone at the moment, I talked to Ben Jones. I proceeded to ask if the admissions office was still open so that I could give them my MIT Reply Form, and wait, couldnt I just give it to him, would he take it? Now??? Why yes, Ben congenially and ecstatically answered. Thats awesome! I guess we dont have to work on you this weekend. Well, right he was. When Matt Mcgann saw my awesome nerd-tastic Calculus shirt (Coke ripoff, said enjoy calculus, check Friday Liveblog), I knew that MIT was the place for me. Now to explore. I started off by battling the cold/raining/sleeting weather that outright broke my subpar Houston umbrella. (It had worked for going on 8 years in Houston and didnt stand one day in Boston, go figure). So, there I was with the better half of my umbrella that tried to fly away on a quest to Random Hall, where the was word of Truffle-making. When I finally got there after what should have been little more than a 5 minute walk I was glad to find a warm place to dry off. I met some fairly cool people there, but it was a little intimidating after hearing about all the insane crazy acamedic feats that my peers had conquered. I couldnt help asking myself if I was really intelligent enough to go to MIT. But Marilee Jones never makes mistakes, rightRight??? I was however, meant to find some more awesome people that spoke less of academia and were willing to listen to whatever random story came to my mind while waiting to play 3D twister, which was awesome. I have to admit the resident Randomites (people living at Random House) were a little, well, random, but very cool and welcoming. I started to feel a bit better. The weekend went on as I struggled to find stuff to do. Solace came in the form of a very pretty asian girl who will probably go to Harvard, despite CPW awesomeness (Oh well) Some of her friends and I hung out that night and even attended some parties that night. Parties??? You may be thinking. at MIT??! Yeah, I was pretty surprised to. But there was enough loud music energy drinks and dancing to go around. I tried to talk to a bunch of different people and met some pretty cool people at Skull House, and even some Boston University Undergrads that claimed, Oh yeah, MIT has the best parties. We love coming here because MIT totally has the best looking guys. Hark, could this mean great things in Kevin Rustagis future. I would endeavor to believe so. So yeah, went back to Next House, which was cool but very far from the center of campus to sleep. Of course not until after talking to my host Andrew Bishara until 4 AM about random stuff, including the arcade project that my friends and I worked on in January. He gave me some comfort that classes were difficult but not impossible. Oh yeah, and Marilee Jones opening statements were awesome. Some kids laughed when she exclaimed that there was a high tolerance for failure. Her statements about how MIT encourages invention, creation, and freethinking made my head spin with excitement for the oncoming 4 years. The Logs, one of MITs premiere a capella groups performed and that was awesome as well. The next day was important. I had goals to accomplish because so far I hadnt talked to anybody on the ski team or inquired about where to put my drumset and/or another arcade that my friends and I are building/overhauling/re-engineering this summer. My prospects brightened at the activities fair where I met the crew people who seemed to be almost too excited about the fact that I was over 6 foot and under 140 lbs. Yeah, dude, you dont need any athletic experience at all. Just put down your e-mail and height and weight. A little strange But I did find the ski people and they were very encouraging. I talked the team captain and after telling him my level of experience and expressing my zeal for the program he was very enthusiastic about my joining the team (Im not rich, I just have close family that live in Colorado). So that was cool. I also found out that if I had an idea for an activity while at MIT that all I had to do was write it up and MIT would probably throw some cash my way t o get it started. I also learned that there were several faith-based groups at MIT, which is cool b/c Ive been pretty involved with my church throughout high school. And I talked to the Logs who were totally into me trying out. (Im a drummer turned singer turned guitarist). And the dramashop said I didnt even have to take the class to submit my own One act play that they would put on (Its always been a dream of mine to write a play.) So Im thinking, awesome, Activities, Check! The Korean Karate Club even showed me how, and I did, break a board. Way cool.That day I also met this awesome girl, Allie, from Wisconsin and I hung out with her and some friends she made. We even had an opportunity to go on an underground tour of MIT, well just call it a Citrus tour to protect the innocent. The funny thing was a bunch of us were all just waiting there and I thought these crazy kids were hacking us. Allie and I saw a bunch of kids up on one of the balconies so we decided to role play I approach one of the guys and say, Haha we got those kids Hes like, who are you, and I told him something like Im Kevin didnt Jim tell you about me. The guy responds with, Are you a CALTECH student. I couldnt believe it. How crazy! This guy thought I was an outsider trying to hack them, when I thought he was hacking us prefrosh. Anyway it turned out to be just fine, though it ended early due to some searchlights on MITs Great dome I wonder w hat couldve happened This was cool though because it gave Allie and I a chance to check out this hot tub deal, which was awesome. A bunch of kids and I hung out there until the wee hours of the morning and they let us sleep in this fishing net that they had hung from the ceiling. (We also couldve slept in beds, but the fishing net was HUGE). Btw, the food was all free after Friday morning because all of the Frats across the river were hosting free meals. Of all of them, my favorites were Zeta Psi, and Skull House (cant remember the name) Allie and I walked back across the bridge 4 hours from the time when we went to sleep at Tep (A coed living group, also across the river) to take our first showers since arriving at MIT, Ewww! What can I say, we were living the college life. OK, so at this point in writing this Im pretty sure I mixed up the events of Friday and Saturday in the last two paragraphs, but you know what, I dont think it makes that much of a difference. Just know that the weekend was a blur (Woohoo! music reference) of awesomeness. So what I do know is that Eddie from Zeta Psi showed me around Zeta Psi later that night and they had some awesome stuff like artwork painted on the doors (theyre on campus and not a historical landmark like many of the Frats across the river) and even stadium seating built into one of the rooms. His like many other frats and some of the dorms had music rooms for me to put my drumset and speakers and guitar/amp respectively. (I totally want to have a rock band at MIT) and he even found the perfect place for my arcade that has a bajillion games on it. Before that of course, I had seen a few last awesome events, the closing remarks/ Logs performing and I got really wrecked at Texas Hold Em at one of the Frats. Which is wierd because Im from Texas, for Petes sake. That evening we went to see battle of the bands. It was pretty rad/throwed/insert synonym to awesome of your choice. Ben Jones band was awesome, as were the rest. And, I must explain something. In the south, when there is a point of uncertainty or potential encore, someone in the crowd yells out Freebird! in reference to the famous Lynyrd Skynyrd song, calling for its musical reiteration. Well, I was trying to teach this one girl from New York how to do it and when the opportune moment was, when I yelled it out before Marilee Jones came on stage. Some thought it was funny (either out of understanding or mere spontaneity) but she started singing You Cant Always Get What You Want and it all melted away as us and the Cartoony Beaver Mascot Tim swayed his arms to the music wit h us. He had also crowd surfed to a metal song earlier and that was by far one of the funniest and most surreal things I have ever witnessed in person. So the last band was a classic rock type band along the lines of Creedence Clearwater Revival (CCR) and they as the closer played their three songs and wondered aloud if they had more time. Two beats passed of silence and then without warning or planning or knowledge of each other me and two others yelled out the call for Freebird! I couldnt believe it! They had sensed it too. The perfect moment. Well, the band played a half-done rendition of Sweet Home Alabama that I thoroughly enjoyed (They kind of accidentally repeated the 2nd verse instead of doing the 1st and 2nd, and they didnt really finish the song.) But otherwise I said my goodbyes at Zeta Psi later on and caught a cab at 1:30 AM back to my airport hotel in the interest of getting out early because of the oncoming storm. Well, if you have read this far, I must commend you for your dilligence, patience, and ginormously long attention span. And of course, as with a good pizza, I always save the best for last, So I will leave you with this thought that Allie McKenzie 11 shared with before the Battle of the Bands. Take it as you will, it is not meant to offend anyone but is merely poking fun at the general quirkiness that I appreciate and love in MIT students. And Bryan, if you do, thank you for publishing this pearl of wisdom. At MIT, so far as relationships go, this statement mostly rings true: The Odds are Good, but the Goods are Odd. What a lovely epanelepsis, at least I think thats what it is. So, with that I step out of the limelight, at least until next semester (mad scientist laugh). Thank you for listening. Please e-mail me @ [emailprotected] if you have any questions. And I am totally on facebook complete with pics of my crazy arcade project. Matt Mcgann: You gave a pinball machine to a nursing home? Lol. I love you all and will see you in the fall. hey, that rhymes. -Kevin.

Slavery Trials and Errors in American History - 2209 Words

American History is filled with several trials and errors. However, possibly the greatest blemish in American history would have to be the long-standing system of slavery that plagued early America. Slavery had existed in America until 1865, far longer than many other countries. During the time when slavery still flourished, some people attempted to promote abolitionism but the majority of pro-slavery individuals did not budge. Nat Turner, William Lloyd Garrison, Abraham Lincoln, and slave runaways are all people that carried out specific anti-slavery acts and were on the forefront of abolitionist movements for their time. Nat Turner was born into slavery on October 2, 1800. Even though Nat’s father was not present throughout much of his†¦show more content†¦Although there were no real threats after Nat had been captured the south still found itself in a state of self-created paranoia. Plantation owners became very strict with their slaves in an attempt to control ti ghtly so as to prevent any other revolts. Abolitionists were blamed and larger gaps began to separate whites that disagreed on the issue of slavery. Nat’s revolt showed whites that slavery was a very volatile business that may not last much longer. Also, William Lloyd Garrison found himself being accused of being behind the rebellion and of inspiring it with his abolitionist paper, The Liberator. However, the revolt only helped the abolitionist cause and served as standing proof to why slavery could not continue. William Lloyd Garrison was born on December 12, 1805. Garrison grew up in Newburyport, Massachusetts. His father, Adijah Garrison, found it difficult to support his family in the maritime depression during the War of 1812 and began drinking his sorrows away. Eventually, Garrison’s father abandoned his family and left Garrison and his three siblings with their mother. From a young age Garrison was apprenticed to â€Å"the publisher of the Newburyport Heral d† (Berlin, p.209), and it was here that Garrison gained a passion for the craft of printing. Garrison did not receive any formal schooling butShow MoreRelatedThe Past Occurrences Of African Americans1202 Words   |  5 PagesThroughout the past occurrences of African Americans, several recurring themes are prevalent. These themes shape their past and signify patterns that may be correlated to other topics in history. Trial and error proved highly pervasive in the history of African Americans as much of their progression in society stemmed from several unsuccessful attempts that eventually resulted in victory. Slave revolts, pleas for emancipation, and bids for equal rights were never initially successful when they involvedRead MoreRacial Discrimination Has Been A Chronic Problem854 Words   |  4 Pagesbe different from each other and also, that being different does not make one person less than. 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Specifically, he wanted to abolish slavery from all states as a way to â€Å"unite as one people throughout this land, until [they] shall once moreRead MoreAbe Lincoln Research Paper1734 Words   |  7 Pagesworking man and knew that it was better if he took his time. Abraham Lincoln was not only the sixteenth President of the United States, he was also the man who helped bring the Union back together and helped abolish slavery. As one of the most well-known Americans the majority of Americans are aware that Abe Lincoln was born on February 12th, 1809. He was born in Hodgenville, Kentucky. Also, some facts people may not know are his parents, Thomas Lincoln, his father, was a respected figure in their

Essay on Behavior Nature vs. Nurture - 1776 Words

For centuries psychologists have argued over which plays the larger role in child development, heredity or environment. One of the first theories was proposed in the seventeenth century by the British philosopher John Locke. Locke believed that a child was born with an empty mind, tabula rasa (meaning blank slate) and that everything the child learns comes from experience, nothing is established beforehand. Years later, Charles Darwin brought forth his theory of evolution, which led to a return of the hereditarian viewpoint. With the twentieth century, however, came the rise of behaviorism. Behaviorists, like John B. Watson and B. F. Skinner, argued that a child can be made into any kind of person, regardless of their heredity. Today,†¦show more content†¦She claims that after the parents contribute an egg or sperm filled with DNA, their job of creating a child is complete. Her book is backed by some 750 references, but most of her conclusions come from the observation of he r own two daughters; one her own and one adopted (Begley, p. 53). Parents, however, do play an important role in childhood development. For the purposes of this essay, her theory that parents have no lasting effects on a childs personality will be argued. The following contains supporting scientific evidence. The DNA structure of a human, the genes, determines the height a person will reach, whether an individuals eyes will be green or brown, and if a persons hair will be straight or curly (Saplosky, p.44). Research has also found that genes are 30 to 70 percent responsible for personality traits such as aggression, passion, shyness and intelligence. The other 30 to 70 percent of a persons personality develop from the environment (Pool, p. 52). Genes, however, are not what produces a behavior, an emotion, or even a thought. Instead, genes produce a protein that contains hormones, which carry messages between cells, and neurotransmitters that carry messages between nerve cells. The protein also contains receptors that receive the hormonal and neurotransmitter messages as well as enzymes that read the messages. So what does all this have toShow MoreRelatedNature Vs. Nurture : Human Behavior1453 Words   |  6 Pagesa human’s behavior is determined by genes is ridiculous. Human behavior is not genetically pre-determined; rather, it is a result of environmental influences. The influences we surround ourselves with is how we are going conduct yourself. Humans are influenced by other humans. Our behavior is determined by who we want to be like and look up too and that has nothing to do with our genes. A human’s behavior is by choice not inherited. Many people argue over this topic nature vs. nurture. AccordingRead MoreHuman Behavior: Nature vs. Nurture Essay1733 Words   |  7 Pageshave argued the Nature versus Nurture debate for decades. This debate is about the degree to which our environment and heredity, affects our behavior and developmental stages. According to this debate, nature can be described as, the behavior of a person is occurring because of their genetic makeup. Since the behavior of a person is due to their genetic makeup, then, it (nature) should also influence a person’s growth and development for the duration of their life. However, the nurture side of the debateRead MoreNature Vs. Nurture : An Individual s Criminal Behavior Essay1753 Words   |  8 Pageswhether it is nature or nurture who plays the most vital role in a human’s behavior, specifically an individual’s criminal behavior. Criminal behavior is defined as an act or failure to act in a way that violates public law. Some bel ieve that criminal behavior can be identified as early as conception, meaning that criminal behavior is because of your genes. While others believe that one’s upbringing and social learning environment directly contributes to the individual’s criminal behavior. This paperRead MoreNature vs. Nurture: Analyzing Violent Behavior Amongst Australian Aboriginals2851 Words   |  11 PagesNature Versus Nurture Australian Aboriginal Violent Behavior Introduction There is much controversy with regard to aboriginal Australians and their tendency to employ violence in particular circumstances. Society in general is inclined to put across discriminatory attitudes toward aboriginal communities on account of their failure to integrate in the presumably civilized world. The fact that violent acts occur with a greater prevalence in indigenous circles indicates that individuals in theseRead MoreNature vs. Nurture1117 Words   |  5 PagesThe nature versus nurture debate is one of the oldest issues in sociology (Davidson, 1991, n.p.). The debate centers on the relative contributions of genetics and environmental factors to human behavior (Davidson, 1991, n.p.). Today, the majority of experts believe that behavior and development are influenced by both nature and nurture (Macionis, 2009, p. 73). The biggest question now is which one affects human development more: nature or nurture? According to Macionis (2009, p. 72), in the pastRead MoreNature vs Nurture: Do Genes Or Environment Matter More? Essay1300 Words   |  6 PagesNature versus nurture has emerged as one of the most heated debates in the 21st century. It is more aligned towards the internal and external factors that comprise human beings behavior. The internal factors are innate and perceived to be genetically revolved as opposed to the external factors that are influenced by the environment and individuals’ experiences. However, scholars in different fields have researched on the relationship between nature and nurture without due success and this has createdRead MoreNature Vs. Nurture : Addiction1102 Words   |  5 Pages Nature vs. Nurture: Addiction Introduction Psychology is a developing science which studies the mental functions, processes, and behaviors of an individual. In the science of psychology, many debates arise; nature vs. nurture is one of the most popular ones. These psychological debates are followed by research, backing up either nature or nurture or both. Nature suggest heredity impacts human psychological development; nurture suggests the environment impacts our psychologicalRead MoreNature Vs. Nurture Debate878 Words   |  4 Pages are personalities and traits produced by genetics or shaped by the environment? Or, is there a relationship between nature and nurture with regards to child development? The debate continues. While some believe â€Å"nature and nurture work together, others believe they are separate and opposing influences† (McDevitt, 2010). Nature vs Nurture In regards to the nature vs. nurture debate, â€Å"this debate is a major issue in many social science disciplines and is concerned with the influence that biologyRead MoreNature vs Nurture, a Not Quite a Twin1684 Words   |  7 PagesNature vs Nurture A Not Quite Twin Study Tamara Richardson Seminole State College of Florida Abstract This paper is going to discuss the Nature vs Nurture debate. There will be history of the debate, where it is presently and where it may go in the future. We will look at the beginning of the debate, the battle that started with Descartes and was pushed further by BF Skinner, Bandura and Piaget. We will further look at Bandura and Piaget and look at Social learning theory verses biology. InterviewsRead MoreNature vs. Nurture: Parents or Environment Essay example571 Words   |  3 Pagesunderstand, thus making the topic of nature vs. nurture extremely controversial. The debates always show that nature and nurture contrast but then there may be evidence that suggest that the two are linked and a person is actually an enigma characterized by the mixture of predisposed genetics and environmental influences. The idea that nature and nurture are joined is great to oppose nativists, people on the nature side, and empiricists, people sided with nurture. As mentioned before, the topic is

Bombardier Aerospace Free Essays

string(196) " Baker had successfully completed Bombardier’s interview process during summer of 2002 and was offer an appointment in Nato Flight Training in Canada \(NFTC\) to commence work few months later\." Case 1Bombardier Aerospace| Prepared for:| AKM Mominul Haque Talukder Course Instructor Human Resource Management East West University Prepared By:| Group- 6 Name| ID No. | Ismat Jahan Senjuti| 2011-1-90-001| Bani Biswas| 2011-1-90-002| Nusrat Jahan| 2011-1-90-006| Jubaid Rashid| 2011-2-90-008| Mukshuda Akhter| 2011-3-90-002| Nazmus Shakib| 2012-1-91-001| Khandoker Mehedi Hasan| 2012-1-90-015| Sec: 01 East West University East West University October 20, 2012 CONTENTS Case Summary – Bombardier Aerospace1| Comptications 3| Question # One4| Question # Two5| Question # Three6| Question # Four7| Implication8| . 0 Case Summary – Bombardier Aerospace Bombardier Aerospace is a division of Bombardier Inc. We will write a custom essay sample on Bombardier Aerospace or any similar topic only for you Order Now and is regarded as one of the third largest aircraft company in the world in terms of yearly delivery of commercial airplanes overall, and the fourth largest in terms of yearly delivery of regional jets. It is headquartered in Ville-Marie, Montreal, Quebec, Canada. Bombardier started its journey with the founder J. Armand Bombardier in 1942 to manufacture tracked vehicles for transportation on snow covered terrain and has earmarked itself as one of Canada’s oldest, most diversified and reputed companies. By 2002, the company has grown revenues to $21. 6 billion with a net income $390. 9 million from 5 operating units including: Bombardier Transportation, Bombardier Aerospace, Bombardier Recreation Products, Bombardier Capital and Bombardier International. Bombardier Aerospace, a SBU of Bombardier Inc, had over 33, 000 employees and established itself as an internationally integrated organization with full design and production operations in Canada, United States and UK. Such operations made Bombardier Aerospace as the third largest civil airframe manufacturer and a leader in region airliners, business jets and amphibious aircraft. Its high-performance aircraft and services set the standard of excellence in several markets, including: Business Aircraft | Commercial Aircraft | Amphibious Aircraft | Jet Travel Solutions | Specialized Aircraft Solutions | Aircraft Services And Training | During 1999, after several months of negotiation and planning process Bombardier Aerospace was able to build a unique relationship with the Canadian Government, who after the Cold War started at looking how military could operate under tighter fiscal restraints. In a joint initiative under NATO, Bombardier Aerospace agreed to service and own training aircraft and in turn leased these aircraft to the Canadian military for training purposes. This arrangement was named as NATO Flight Training in Canada (NFTC) which aimed at managing Ground Based Flight Training School and Simulator Training. In any given time , approximately 75 students from Canada and other NATO countries were enrolled in the NFTC training program. Alex Lachance hails with 20 years of flying experience in the Canadian military and after an illustrious experience with Canadian military has also occupied several other positions. During 2002, Alex joined Bombardier Aerospace as the manager of ground-based training operations for Nato Flight Training in Canada NFTC and almost at some point in time Ted Baker who had successfully completed Bombardier’s interview process few months before joined as an instructors in Nato Flight Training in Canada (NFTC). The hiring process at bombardier was quite a challenging once since achieving the two crucial objectives of finding an incumbent for the vacant position who is equally equipped in terms of the technical expertise required along with their fit of the candidate with the Bombardier culture of was not an easy task. Also, it was seen that whoever bargained during the interview process, on the whole achieved a better remuneration package with the ‘per diem allowance’ paid only to those who negotiate for a moving allowance of this nature. When Ted, a new hire came to know about this, he was utterly dismayed and disappointed on the impartial and unfair compensation system of Bombardier’s. Ted raised this issue to the newly appointed manager, Alex who was utterly surprised and after being communicated took the issue to the HR. Once he obtained a thorough idea and comprehended that the per diem allowance has been only paid to those who have bargained. He thought of raising the issue to the corporate head office. The dilemma over which Ted is now fixated is what will the after effect of implementing such a policy? Will it imply Bombardier changing its policy for all its operations? Will it mean that it will increase cost to the company? These were several questions which were pondering in Alex’s mind. Also the fact being that he has just joined the company not even few months ago he was quite perplexed and confounded regarding what step to take. . 0 Complications Critical challenges which were witnessed in the case ‘Bombardier Aerospace’ are depicted below: * The interview process in the overall hiring procedure remained to be quite challenging since achieving the two crucial objectives of finding an incumbent for the vacant position who is equally equipped in terms of the technical exper tise required along with their fit of the candidate with the Bombardier culture of ‘ entrepreneurial high achievement’ was not an easy job. * Bombardier’s current relocation policy did not seem to be fair and transparent to all. It meant candidates who better bargain in their interview process would benefit most as only if someone raises concerns on moving incidentals and meals only those were offered the ‘per diem allowance’. * Discrepancy which existed amongst new hires in terms of compensation was heard by some of the new appointed instructors and potential recruits expressed dismay and consternation which certainly affected employee morale to work for this company and loss resulted in lack of enthusiasm about their job. Another associated challenge was if these newly appointed instructors those who have not been provided with the benefit of the ‘per diem allowance’ for moving incidentals and meals together lodge an objection and appeal to the Labor Relations Board, it will cause not only monetary loss for ‘Bombardier Aerospace’ via compensations but also image loss which would have trickle affect in potential future instructors as they will be reluctant to become pa rt of Bombardier Aerospace which is unfair and unjust with their employees. 3. 0 Question Q #1. Evaluate Ted Baker’s reaction to NFTC’s relocation policy and his decision to approach Alex Lachance? | Ted Baker had successfully completed Bombardier’s interview process during summer of 2002 and was offer an appointment in Nato Flight Training in Canada (NFTC) to commence work few months later. You read "Bombardier Aerospace" in category "Essay examples" During this same time nearly about other 20 instructors were also appointed. About few weeks after, Alex Lachance joined Bombardier Aerospace as the manager of ground-based training operations for Nato Flight Training in Canada NFTC. After Alex joined, Ted approached him and communicated some of his major concerns about which he was extremely dismal. He had overheard the conversations of other newly employed instructors regarding their relocation benefits and compensation and most importantly the ‘per diem allowance’ provided to cover their moving incidentals and meals. Ted was extremely disappointed to see the relocation policy of Bombardier which to him reflected an unfair and inequitable system as he felt that it was not fair for some employees to receive a per diem allowance and while others did not. Also, when Alex came to know about it, he was shocked and surprised to learn about such compensation policy and he too felt it was not an evenhanded and a just policy to handle recruits, however he did not mention anything to Ted upfront. Also, one important thing was Ted had negotiated compensation for moving allowances, a paid trip to Moose Jaw and interim lodging and this additional compensation was tied up to the typical three- year loan agreement and similarly other new recruits who were paid all these what Ted received and in addition also the per diem allowance also was tied up with the same experience. Hence, Ted had a very disapproving reaction about the NFTC’s relocation policy. Q # 2 In your position as Alex Lachance would you attempts to change the relocation policy? Please be specific? | If I was given the position and responsibilities of Alex Lachance, I would have adopted an absolutely fair and impartial relocation policy. Hence, for this if required changing the policy, I would have certainly opted for that taking approval from all those concerned. The case presents the scenario of a recruit ‘Ted Baker’ who felt his package was discriminated when compared to some of the recruits who were offered appointment during the same time. If I was in the position of Alex Lachance, then after hearing the rationale from the human resource department which purely stated that these additional benefits were paid to those who displayed better bargaining power during the interview. Based on the potential incumbent’s request and negotiation skills during the hiring process they were entitled for that benefit. Hence, quite often new employees those who did not ask for the per diem allowance, they were not paid. Thus, overall it reflected an unfair and non-uniform relocation policy: I would have taken the below specific steps to resolve this matter: * Step 1: I would have taken this issue to the Corporate Head office, Human Resource department in Montreal before circulating a new uniform hiring and compensation policy. This was to understand the implication of such policy at a group level as Bombardier had so many employees all over the world. * Step 2: Also, I would have given recommendation to the Corporate Head Office to take any of the two alternatives as the way forward I. To re-look at the entire human resource policy and most importantly the cost attached of having to be paid all the new employees who are re-locating the ‘per diem allowance. ’ If that was feasible in terms of cost to the company then we should have proceeded with that. II. Secondly, if it came to the situation that such uniform policy will tremendously increase the cost to the company, in such an instance my recommendation would have been not to provide ‘per diem allowance’ to any of the employees as most importantly it was not fair. Also, if some employees chose to go and appeal to the Labor Relations Board for such unfair treatment, this might cause law suit charges to be paid and also loss of reputation and image as an employer and company. Q # 3 How would you respond to Ted Baker? | My response to Ted Baker would be a very candid, direct and impartial one which I would have provided him after thoroughly understanding and evaluating the given situation. First of all, I would have thanked Ted Baker for being upfront and telling me about the exact issue what he heard from other new instructors’ without creating rumor about the company. And would also point out that his behavior and attitude was a reflection of him already being part of the company. As a second step I will provide him re-assurance that after critical scrutiny it has been observed that there has been some discrepancy in the past about the offer of ‘per diem allowance’. Hence, with my proposed recommendation of bringing uniformity in the relocation policy it has been notified to the Corporate Head office, Human Resource department in Montreal. Either their decision is to continue with this benefit or not, what I will ensure Ted is the end outcome would be something which is fair, impartial and transparent to all the employees. This is how I would try to regain the confidence of Ted Baker on the company and try to bring his enthusiasm back for his job and Bombardier. Also this might reduce the dismay and consternation of Ted and allow him to recuperate his expectation and enthusiasm about working at Bombardier. Q # 4 what’s your learning out of this case? | HR Compensation and benefits policy affect the productivity and happiness of employees, as well as the ability of an organization to effectively realize its objectives. It is to an organization’s advantage to ensure that the employees are creatively as well as equitably compensated and knowledgeable of their benefits. Key learning’s which any organization and most importantly any head of the HR department can educe are illustrated below: * Ensure equity and fairness in the remuneration and compensation policy and system as globally it has been identified as a key component in creating a successful compensation system. The equity can be ensured in the following three unique ways: * Provide workplace equity which implies giving perception that all employees in an organization are being treated fairly * Establish a culture of internal pay equity where all employees in an organization can perceive that they are being rewarded fairly according to the relative value of their jobs within an organization * Offer pay by omparing external pay conditions to ensure external equity exists when employees in an organization perceive that they are being rewarded fairly in relation to those who perform similar jobs in other organizations * Perceived inequity or unfairness, either external or internal, can result in low morale and loss of organizational effectiveness. For example, if employees feel they are being compensated unfairly as was illustrated in the case of Ted Baker, it can have a negative and demoralizing impact. Employees may restrict their efforts or leave the organization, damaging the organization’s overall performance and also cause loss of goodwill. The key learning’s from this case can also be linked to one of Abraham Lincoln’s famous quote which states â€Å"It is true that you may fool all the people some of the time, you can even fool some of the people all the time, but you can’t fool all the people all the time†. Also a related quote can be drawn to express the learning’s from the case â€Å"It’s better to lose in a cause that will someday win, than win in a cause that will some-day lose! 4. 0 Implications Every organization is powered by its people. Consequently, effective HR strategies are critical to ensure productivity and maximum success. HR professionals play an important role in terms of coming up with the right strategies to support organizational direction but must have the ability to think beyond tactics to identify the h igh-level areas of focus that will drive success. * Consider Strategic Vision HR leaders should review the company’s current vision to determine ways in which HR activities can support that vision. In concert with other organizational leaders, HR staff must consider whether the vision is applicable based on external and internal factors and whether changes in the marketplace may be suggesting a new vision. * Consider Demographics HR leaders should examine the demographics of the workforce to determine where gaps may exist between current skills and the need for skills and experience that may emerge in the future, in alignment with the organization’s vision and strategies. HR strategy should be focused on filling these gaps through strategic recruitment, retention and training efforts. * Transfer of Knowledge Ensuring transfer of knowledge between department workers — whether they are departing voluntarily or involuntarily, or due to retirement or other reasons – is necessary to ensure continuity and minimal impact on productivity and effectiveness. How to cite Bombardier Aerospace, Essay examples

The Great Depression in Canada-Free-Samples-Myassignmenthelp.com

Question: Discuss about the Great Depression in Canada by Waterloo. Answer: Summary This study focuses on a Canadian article, The Great Depression in Canada written by Waterloo (Waterloo Region Record, 2013) which relates to a song from Quebec (linguee.com, 2017) that talks about the travails of Canadians during the Great Depression. The article indicates the results of the great depression that hit Canada to a very large extent in the 1930s (Waterloo Region Record, 2013). This article helps in explaining and expounding the song; La Bolduc-Cavavenir descouragez-vous Pas, a Quebec. The songs focused on the impacts of this massive depression on the economy of Canada. As per the evidence from the above article it is evident that most people in this country were greatly affected by this situation. Most people suffered to a very great extent due to this crisis (MacGee, 2016). At that particular time the economy of Canada was dependent on trade as a major economic activity. They were also dealing in foreign trade with their crucial trade partners being the Americans. When America sought to increase the prices on their goods then the depression situation in Canada worsened to unimaginable extent making most of the people suffer. Most of the largest companies in Canada became bankrupt, with no money to pay their employees. The transport industry in Canada was the one that was explicitly affected by this crisis since most of the vehicle companies especially those that exported goods collapsed leading to a downfall of almost 50% in the manufacturing industry. Moreover, most of people were affected by deprivation and drought that made them depend entirely on the government as well as the big non-governmental organizations that were ready to offer help (Wilson, 2005). Although people lives were at stake with most people suffering, there was no immediate government aids to help reduce the depression levels. In spite of all the suffering to the Canadians, the political situations and culture were still maintained showing that most people, though suffering, were ready to least maintain their political backgrounds and culture. More surprisingly no socialism or communism government systems came up. The levels of unemployment were also so high due to depression making the government seek some other ways to help the unemployed. One of the method used by the government was to set up relief camps to help the unemployed. This was quite a remedy to this puzzling situations. Some of the major consequences of the massive depression included the following: Inadequate commodities, unemployment problems, huge prices on products, increased levels of poverty, low standards of living as well as unfavorable economy. Just like Canada, the impacts of depression were devastating at a global level. The Global Great depression. This mayhem on the world economy started in the late 1920s, most probably 1929 and lasted for almost ten years. This was the largest, longest and most massive depression that had ever affected the industrialized world in the Western countries (Matziorinis, 2016). Though this crisis originally originated in the USA, it had a very great impact on almost the economy of every country in the world. The effects of this crisis were also on the culture and the social life of the people of the USA. This depression was ranked second in USA due to the civil wars and it was the worst in the history of America. The time this depression occurred its degree was not quite similar in the different countries of the world. Depression affected the USA, Canada and the European countries for quite a long time. On the other hand, Japan and the Latin America experienced this depression for small periods and to smaller extents. There were several factors that steamed this depression and this included; reduced demand for goods, financial chaos and panics, unfavorable policies by the government and so many more. This led to a decline in the output especially in the USA (Uebele, 2015). The gold standard exchange rate that linked almost all the countries of the world played an important role in over sending the American downturn to almost all the countries in the world. Most of the nations were able to recover from this crisis when they decided to stop using the gold standard as the exchange currencies and implemented the use of monetary terms to transact businesses. Indeed, the great depression led to fun damental adjustments in most economic institutions, economic policies and economic theories. The great depression in the United States began during summer in 1929. This situation worsened in the late 1929 and continued affecting the USA until 1933. The prices of goods and the output went down abruptly (Uebele, 2015). The industrial production fell by 45% and the Gross domestic product fell by 33%. The wholesale price index (WCP) fell by 36% indicating high deflation rates. Though, these statistics are thorough debated for their accuracy, it was accurately seen that the rate of unemployment was above 21%. These statistics when compared to that of another depression in Canada indicate that the above depression was the worst. Since in the early 1980s to 1982, the gross domestic product declined by 1.9% and the rate of unemployment was just under 9.9%. Additionally, during this period the prices on products continued to rise, though the price rate increase was quite slow. This situation is termed as disinflation. The Great Britain was among the countries that struggled with low growth rate and high recession rates from 1925 to 1930 since it wanted to return to the gold standard exchange rate with a high valued pound. It should be noted though that Britain was not affected severely by this depression until in the 1930s. Even the decline in the industrial production was just almost 1/3 of what had occurred in the USA. France also experienced just a short and little downturn in early 1930s (Wilson, 2005). Their recovery from this crisis in the 1932 to 1933 was however for just a short period since the production and prices on goods fell in the year 1933 to 1936. The economy of Germany fell down in the early 1928, it stabilized and again fell in the late 1929. The decline in the industrial production was just the same as that of the United States. Various Latin countries were also affected by this situation in the late of the year 1928 and early 1929, just before the decline in the U.S output. So me less developed nations such as Argentina and Brazil experienced mild depressions while others were experiencing this depression to larger extents. The price deflation in the USA was also evident in other countries. To be precise almost every industrialized nation experienced a decline of the wholesale prices of 31% or even more between the years 1929 and the year 1933. Since the Japanese pricing structure was quite flexible, the deflation experienced in the 1930 to 1931 was abnormally rapid (Waterloo Region Record, 2013). The prices on the basic commodities that were traded at that time also declined. For instance, between September of 1929 and December of 1930 the price on commodities such as silk, coffee, cotton, rubber was decreased by almost half the initial price. This led to a decline in the terms of trade abruptly for the producers of this products. The recovery from this depression by the USA began in the spring 1933. The output by the industries grew rapidly by 1935. The gross domestic product rose by almost 9% rate between the year 1933 to 1937. The output had adversely fallen during the initial periods of this depression that it remained low for quite some periods (Wilson, 2005). In 1937 to 1938 the USA suffered yet another depression, which was well countered and the economy grew at a very high rate. In 1942 the output of the USA returned to the initial long-run level. The recovery from this depression by the rest of the countries was quite different. The economy of Britain was stabilized just after they decided to abandon the gold standard in 1931 September, though the actually recovery began in the year 1932. Most of the countries in Latin America stabilized in the late 1931 and the early 1932. Japan and Germany started recovering in the year 1932 during fall (Waterloo Region Record, 2013). Canada and some other European countries revived at the same time just at the USA. Additionally, France, that had experienced late massive depressions started recovered late in 1938. Causes of the great depression One of the major causes of this depression in the USA was the reduced spending (aggregate demand), that led to reduced production as most of the merchandisers and manufacturers noted that there was a rise in the inventories. The sources of the reversible reduction in the size of spending in the USA was different over the different causes of depression, but all this led to a grand reduction in the aggregate demand (MacGee, 2016). The decline in America was over sent to almost all the other countries of the world. It should also be noted that some other factors also led to the depressions in different countries of the world. The Interpretation of the Song in Relation to the Article The lyrics of the song were based on the effects that the great depression had on the Canadians. The words of the songs were written to show how the countrys economy could affect the lives of people (linguee.com, 2017). It shows how depression affected the lives of people in Canada. Additionally, the song also shows the Canadian culture as well as the governments role during that chaotic period. It also captures the different perspectives in the economy, perspectives of culture and also the social perspectives. This song was thus trying to show the socio-economic, the cultural and the political perspectives of the Canadian people at that time. In paragraph one, there is a message of hope to all the people living in Canada. The words My Friends as used by the singer depict a message of togetherness and shows that the writer knows and comprehends what everyone is experiencing. It also shows that the singer understands the puzzling situations the entire country is undergoing since he narrates that he knows the weather is hard indicating hardships (linguee.com, 2017). The singer also encourages the people not to give up. The singer then assures the entire public that these hardships should be left to the government that will help restore order in the chaotic economy. The singer narrates that the winter should be left to the new government giving an implication that that the government have the mandate of dealing with the challenges people are facing. The song also tries to show the political settings in the government of Canada stating that, the government comes and goes which shows that the government just serves for a given period. He author notes that they will complain in Montreal showing that they will not keep quite but will demonstrate if the government does not do something (Matziorinis, 2016). The above interpretations show that Canada has different social groups. The singer also states that the people in Canada are kindhearted but it is this situation that is making them complain. He says that they are not bad but the reason making them complain is because in the Quebec province they eat bread that is dry. This shows how the people are suffering from drought. He sings that there is no work in Canada implying the high unemployment rates. He states further that though some states are stable, most of the parts are undergoing economic difficulties. The writer explains that everything is expensive indicating that there are high rates of inflation and the goods have high prices. He indicates that if a person need to survive then he has to borrow. It also shows the low standards of living of the people. This song is entirely about the consequences and impacts of the depression in Canada: inadequate jobs, low standard of living, high cost of living, and unaffordable prices on goods. References linguee.com. (2017). a va venir dcouragez-vous pas. Retrieved from www.linguee.com: https://www.linguee.com/french-english/translation/%C3%A7a+va+venir+d%C3%A9couragez-vous+pas.html MacGee, P. S. (2016). Trade, Relative Prices, and the Canadian Great Depression. Vancouver, Canada. Matziorinis, K. (2016). The Causes of the Great Depression: A Retrospective. Carlifonia: University of Carlifonia. Uebele, T. A. (2015). The Global Impact of the Great Depression. London: London School of Economics and Political Science. Waterloo Region Record. (2013, 3 28). The Great Depression hit Canada the hardest. Retrieved from www.therecord.com: https://www.therecord.com/opinion-story/2628477-the-great-depression-hit-canada-the-hardest/ Wilson, S. J. (2005). Canadian Economic Development and Factor Movements before the Great Depression. University of Regina.

Apush Notes free essay sample

INDUSTRIAL AMERICA in the LATE NINETEENTH CENTURY †¢ Corporate consolidation of industry †¢ Effects of technological development on the worker and workplace †¢ Labor and unions †¢ National politics and influence of corporate power †¢ Migration and immigration: changing face of the nation †¢ Proponents and opponents of the new order (e. g. â€Å"Social Darwinism and Social Gospel†) AMSCO pp. 333-347 (CH 17) EV pp. 543-573 (CH 18) ESSENTIAL QUESTION (S): INDUSTRY AMSCO To what extent is it justified to characterize the industrial leaders of the 1865-1900 era as either â€Å"robber barons† or â€Å"captains of industry†? 2001 FRQ #4 How and why did transportation developments spark economic growth during the period from 1860 to 1900 in the United States? LABOR 1998 FRQ #3 Analyze the impact of any TWO of the following on the American industrial worker between 1865 and 1900. †¢ Government actions †¢ Immigration †¢ Labor Unions †¢ Technological changes 2000 DBQ How successful was organized labor in improving the position of workers in he period from 1875 to 1900? Analyze the factors that contributed to the level of success achieved. We will write a custom essay sample on Apush Notes or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Use the documents and your knowledge of the period from 1875 to 1900 to construct your response. 2009 FRQ #4 Choose TWO of the following organizations and explain their strategies for advancing the interests of workers. To what extent were these organizations successful in achieving their objectives? Confine your answer to the period from 1875 to 1925. †¢ Knights of Labor †¢ American Federation of Labor †¢ Socialist Party of America Industrial Workers of the World IMMIGRATION 2005 FRQ #4 Describe the patterns of immigration in TWO of the periods listed below. Compare and contrast the responses of Americans to immigrants in these periods. †¢ 1820 to 1860 †¢ 1880 to 1924 †¢ 1965 to 2000 2009 FRQ #4 Choose TWO of the following organizations and explain their strategies for advancing the interests of workers. To what extent were these organizations successful in achieving their objectives? Confine your answer to the period from 1875 to 1925. Knights of Labo r †¢ American Federation of Labor †¢ Socialist Party of America †¢ Industrial Workers of the World -Key terms: |Jay Gould |Sherman Anti-Trust Act, 1890 |Eugene V. Debs | |Cornelius Vanderbilt |United States v. E. C. Knight Co. (1895) |Panic of 1893 | |Transcontinental RR |Thomas A. Edison |William Graham Sumner | |Union Central Pacific RR |William H. Sylvis and the National Labor Union |Horatio Alger â€Å"rags to riches† | |Interstate Commerce Act |Terence V. Powderly and the Knights of Labor |Conservative Social Darwinism | |Interstate Commerce Commission, 1887 |Samuel Gompers |Lester Frank Ward | |J. Pierpont Morgan |American Federation of Labor |Henry George, Progress and Poverty | |Laissez-faire capitalism |Railroad strikes of 1877 |Edward Bellamy, Looking Backward | |Gospel of Wealth |Haymarket Square bombing, 1886 |Chinese Exclusion Act, 1882 | |Andrew Carnegie |Homestead strike, 1892 |Thomas Edison | |U. S. Steel |Pullman strike, 1894 |George Westinghouse | |Bessemer Process | |Sears and Roebuck | |Vertical integration | |Montgomery Ward | |Horizontal consolidation | | | |John D. Rockefeller Standard Oil | | | |Robber Barons | | | |Captains of Industry | | | |Industrial Statesmen | | |

Military Intervention in Afgha essays

Military Intervention in Afgha essays Justification for retaliation against acts of hatred proves to be very difficult to develop, maintain, and most of all prove. The September 11th assault that "was so sudden and so shocking that it seemed to obliterate many of the doubts that were the legacy of the country's tortured Vietnam experience. Polls show that up to 90% of Americans support a military response," wrote Mark Barabak. However was this support justified? Would a military response that would destroy yet another nation be moral? That would tear apart families, leave orphans, and spawn more hatred and vengeance? I believe that not only does the current military intervention in Afghanistan do all this but it creates other damages to nations other than Afghanistan nor does it account for the lives lost in the battle that is supposedly between right and evil, but rather in my eyes, evil and those who want to get back at evil. The pulverizing of a battred country just doesn't make a whole lot of sense. Hundreds, perhaps thousands of innocent civilians have already been killed by U.S. bombing in pursuit of Osama bin Laden. The Pentagon has confirmed numerous instances of "collateral damage," including a 2,000-pound bomb that struck a residential area near Kabul. The United States' perceived disregard for collateral damage may lead many to conclude that we are waging a war against Muslims writ large. In so doing, we are losing the battle for the hearts and minds of people who are necessary in the fight against terrorism. Our attacks on population centers are causing a huge refugee problem that neighboring countries can't handle. By October 12, 350,000 people had amassed in the northern Panjsher Gorge and over 150,000 had fled to the provinces of Tahor and Badakhshan.(Barabak) United Nations officials predict that 1.5 million will leave their homes, risking mass starvation in the brutal Afghan winter to escape the bombings. (Kurtz) This influx of Afghans into Pakist...

Vietnamese Cultural Health Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Vietnamese Cultural Health - Essay Example The vast majority of the approximately 700,000 Vietnam-born persons living in the U.S. arrived here as refugees from 1975 to the present. While there are many shared cultural traits among all the Vietnamese-Americans, such as the Vietnamese language and strong emphasis on the extended family. The first group of refugees to come to the U.S. in 1975 was educated and urban professionals (and their families) who were airlifted directly from Saigon. They were closely associated with American interests in Vietnam, so many spoke English and were familiar with American culture. This group has for the most part gone on to resume their professional lives in the United States, including serving as staff members of social service agencies, which assist more recently arrived Vietnamese. In contrast, the second wave of Vietnamese refugees, arriving from the late 1970's through the mid 1980's, included a much higher proportion of merchants, farmers and other rural Vietnamese who escaped Communist Vietnam in small boats. These "boat people" suffered extreme hardship and loss through the refugee process, often remaining in harsh refugee camps for years. Many who came from rural origins or limited educational backgrounds have had a more difficult time adapting to urban U.S. life - while others from rural backgrounds found that intelligence and persistence are stronger than 100 generations of rural deprivation. This photograph is of a woman and children shortly after being picked up in the South China Sea in 1979. Finally, the third wave, continuing to arrive to the present, come to the U.S. under more "orderly" programs, typically on the basis of their statuses as political prisoners in Vietnam, or offspring of Vietnamese women and American fathers ("Amerasians"), two groups who faced serious discrimination in Vietnam. They come with their families, in the case of Amerasians, more often than not the father is unknown or otherwise out of the picture. Because of their experience as refugees, Vietnamese-Americans on the whole are at high risk for many communicable diseases like tuberculosis, hepatitis B and parasitism as they arrive to the U.S. Over time, as many face accessibility barriers to medical care because of such factors as limited English skills, transportation difficulties, and cultural misunderstandings, they are at risk for more chronic problems like hypertension, heart disease, cancer and diabetes. In addition, many Vietnamese refugees also suffer mental health problems like post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD), a result not only of the horrors they experienced as refugees but also due to the adjustment difficulties in attempting to retain their traditional values in the face of the dominant American culture. Traditional Vietnamese perceptions of health Between 1975 and 1995, thousands of refugees left Vietnam to build their new life in the United States. The Vietnamese, with the Cambodians and Laotians, make up the largest group

Rudi Volti's Definition of Technology (History Paper) Essay

Rudi Volti's Definition of Technology (History Paper) - Essay Example . The need based correspondence between knowledge, organizational forms and physical objects to develop innovations are evident from monarchial systems to the agricultural systems as explained in the Volt's theory. Motivated by the urge to irrigate the agricultural fields, the farmer uses his skills to operate the water screw where both knowledge and the organization form is represented. In this case farmer represents the sole operator and the farm fields symbolizes the physical product .By describing how the interconnectedness between the application of knowledge, organizational forms and physical objects pertain to technical innovation Judaeus satisfactorily depicts Volti's definition of technology. The methods for effective transfer of the information related to any technological component are the drawings .All the engineering drawings are considered to constitute a universal language uninfluenced by cultural and societal variations. It is expected that information contained in it need to be comprehensible to all. But the British policy makers had a different opinion to say. According to them even the engineering presentations like drawings and various visual matters were significantly influenced by "culture, values, institutions and social relations of creators and users" (Brown, 2000,1). The effect of the roles played by the drawings in improving the professionalizing the engineering activities are explained from examples from locomotive and car designs in Britain and America. Another reason that is identified for the better capacity in design drafting is the demand exerted by the markets in both Britain and United States. The need for custom based products with emphasis for individual needs is the prime reason for creation of such a demand. The literature available shows conversion of novel designs to drafting , the firms have reduced the risk of failure besides achieving better efficiency and order (Brown, 2000,1). This have helped in the mergence of newer drafting offices that supported the production process in different sectors. Also the regional variation in the technological development is also discussed in the literature. The American approach was by introduction of design elements that are standarized while the british counterparts often worked on design creativity that led to the product development that matched the customer demand. The philosophy here was to have high quality production with very low managerial cost (Brown, 2000,1). The spread of the technology was mostly due to the movement of people who had the information from one place to the other. It was mostly gained from the personal experience guarded by the individual interests. Thus the effective diffusion of technology is dependent on the movement and interaction with the people who possessed it rather than the wide publicizing of the literature related to it (Belfanti, 2004,1). Another important motivation for the increased mobility and assembling of skilled workforce was the institutional innovations proposed in the modern era. The State laws enacted by European countries proposed to "reward and safeguard" the inventions (Belfanti, 2004,1)

Relationship between extraversion and neuroticism and bullying

Relationship between extraversion and neuroticism and bullying My aim for this current study was to investigate whether there was a relationship between extraversion and neuroticism and bullying. In my opinion I think someone who has an extraversion and neuroticism personality that gets bullied will have an opposite side at the end of it. These are the two hypotheses for this  report, if there will be a relationship between extraversion scores and self reported  frequency of bullying in the last five years. And also, if there will be a relationship between neuroticism  scores and self reported frequency of bullying in the last five years. The experimenter wanted to find out if there is a relationship between extraversion and neuroticism and bullying in the last five years. The results have shown there was no connection; the importance of the work was to find out whether there was any relationship between the three variables. Next time of the experimenter should investigate again they should do it less than five years, they might be a better results. Introduction There are many researchers that have looked at the subject bullying that can link to their personalities. Personality is made up the characteristic patterns of feelings, thoughts and behaviour. This makes the person a unique person. Personality occurs from within the persons and remains fairly consistent throughout life. There are a number of different theories that have emerged to explain different aspects of personality. Some are focused on explaining how personality develops while others are concerned with the person in personality. There are major theories of personality projected by different psychologist such as Eysencks Three Dimensions of Personality, Gordon Allports Trait Theory, and the Five-Factor Theory of Personality. Eysencks Three Dimensions of Personality, his theory was biased on the three universal traits; introversion/extraversion, introversion includes attention on inner experiences while extraversion relates to attention outer on other people and the environment. When a person is high in introversion might be quit, shy and reserved while a person in high extraversion might be social able and outgoing. Neuroticism /Emotional Stability, this dimension of Eysencks theory is related to people who are moodiness, aggressive towards people. Neuroticism refers to an individual trend to become more upset and emotional while stability refers to the trend to remain emotionally stable. And psychoticism, Eysenck added this personality at the end to this trait theory. People who are high in this trait tend to have differently dealing with reality and may be hostile and manipulative. Lewis Goldberg projected a five dimension personality model, this is also known as the Big Five. His five personalities are Openness to Experience, Conscientiousness, Extraversion, Agreeableness and Neuroticism. The big five is an important dimension of personality. Some personality researchers disagree that this list of major traits is the end. They have found two additional factors, excellent/ordinary and evil/decent but they are still not sure yet. Its a comprehensive, data driven research finding. It identifies the traits and structure of the humans personality this has been one of the goals in all of psychology. This personality typology has some phase of a trait theory. It explains peoples behaviour in terms of opposite fixed character. Bullying is a serious offence that anyone can make. This mostly happens is schools, workplaces, and on the streets. Some ways of bullying is by calling them names, not talking to them, hitting and kicking them, taking or damaging their things, etc. People that bully is to get attention or to make people afraid of them, others might be jealous of the person they are bullying because they might have been bullied themselves. Bullying can cause a serious side affect, it can changes someones personality and behaviour. It can make young people feel lonely, unhappy and frightened; they lose confidence and make them sick. There are three variables that are linked together which are extraversion, neuroticism and bullying. There are two types of personalities that people who are bullied are likely to be, which are extraversion and neuroticism. Extraversion is people who are loud, talkative, fun-loving and sociable. They take more part in activities that involve large social gathering such as community activities, parties, public demonstrations etc. An extroverted person is likely to enjoy time with people and find less reward in time spent alone. They tend to be eager around other people, and they are more prone to boredom when they are by themselves. As soon as they get bullied they are most likely to become quite, passive and introverted and they will have low self esteem. Those who are neuroticism has a personality trait, individuals who score high on neuroticism are more likely than the average to experience such feelings as anger, guilt, moody, depressed. They react more badly to environmental stre ss, and are more likely to take ordinary situations as threatening and minor frustration as hopelessly difficult. Neuroticism is related with low emotional intelligence which involves emotional system and interpersonal skills. But its a risk factor for mental disorder such as depression, panic attacks and phobia. Methods Participate There will be 119 psychology level one university students who participated in this experiment. There will be 89 females and 23 males voluntary participates that will be involved. The mean age of the participates is 21 years old. The standard deviation is 6.381 and the age range of the participates is 18-27 years old. Design A correlational design was used. Its a measuring between two variables which are extraversion and neuroticism. Where going to find out if the correlation is going to be negative or positive. Material/Apparatus There will be questionnaires given out to the students on an A4 paper. Procedure Participates be present at an experimental session were given full instructions about their task. The experimenter gave the questionnaires out to the individuals; it took them 20 minutes to fill in the answers. After they filled in the answers they gave it back to the experimenter. Participants were reminded of what to do before being presented with the word lists. BPS codes of ethics have to be proceeded at all times to hide the personal information. The BPS codes of ethics for this experiment is privacy, they need to keep the questionnaires data private and confidential. Results The relationship I found between extraversion scores and self reported frequency of bullying in the last five years had no correlation. It was found that the relationship between bullying for extraversion was not significantly correlational (R=127, p= 0.16, n= 119). Also the relationship I found between neuroticism scores and self reported frequency of bullying in the last five years. The results for neuroticism was shown it had no positive correlation (R= 0.14, p= 0.12, n= 119). The data collected showed no relationship between extraversion and bullying, or neuroticism and bullying in the last five years. Discussion The relationship between extraversion, neuroticism and bullying is a topic in psychology. It was hypothesised that participates who were bullied might have been extraversion people or neuroticism people. The results that were collected from this experiment didnt show any correlation and didnt support the hypothesis. The hypothesis was rejected in my opinion because there was no correlation found between the 3 variable this might be due to many reasons, such as the source of material for example the questionnaires, it might of not been accurate that reflected the individuals personality. Also, the participates may not have been honest, they would have got bored and just ticked any box. As Eysenck looked into the interaction of the two personalities and what they meant in the regard to various psychological problems. For example that people with phobias and obsessive-compulsive disorder be likely to be quite introverted, whereas people with conversion disorders or dissociative disorders tend to be more extraverted. Highly neuroticistic people over-respond to fearful stimuli; If they are introverts, they will learn to avoid the situations that cause panic very quickly and very thoroughly, even to the point of becoming panicky at small symbols of those situations they will develop phobias. Other introverts will learn (quickly and thoroughly) particular behaviours that hold off their panic such as checking things many times over or washing their hands again and again. The advantages for this report was there was quite a lot of volunteers taking part in the questionnaires, no one got offended with the questions that were given, and also there was no problem finding information about the theories as they were lots of information that was found. The disadvantages for this report was, it took time looking for the information what I needed. There wasnt much to explain about the results. In the future the areas that I would need to work on is, to find more resources such as journals. The experimenter should have chosen volunteers from other courses as well to prove that bullying can concern from everywhere. Reference section Matthew. G (2003), Personality Traits, University of Cambridge Press, 3-75 G.Neil Martin, Neil. R. Carlson, Willam Buskist, 2010

The Different Factors Affecting Students Academic Performance Education Essay

In this chapter, the research worker reviews several facets of the literature environing factors impacting pupils ‘ academic public presentation. First, the relationship that exists between factors and pupils ‘ academic public presentation, which is the footing of this survey, is examined. This is followed by a reappraisal of past surveies pertinent to the research and a elaborate account of the conceptual models that underlie the survey. It is hoped that on completion of the undertaking, some penetrations may be gained into the job from a planetary position.IntroductionMost pupils acquiring into MBBS plan have a good academic path record upon entry into the medical school. In Malayan medical school it is observed that each twelvemonth about 10-15 % of pupils have trouble in finishing their medical class on clip and this is a concerned to medical pedagogues and decision makers. It is of import to cognize the grounds why there is a pronounced alteration in their academic o nce they come to professional classs particularly medicine. Clearly, there are legion cognitive and non-cognitive factors that have a much stronger influence on medical pupils ‘ academic public presentation. Identifying the factors associated with pupils ‘ academic public presentation or academic accomplishment in the medical class will enable the medical pedagogues, course of study contriver and policy marker to put up support systems to assist them execute better. Many surveies are carried out to research factors impacting pupils ‘ academic public presentation or accomplishment. All of the research reviews back up the hypothesis that pupils ‘ public presentation in the medical programme depend on different socio-economic and psychological factors ( Syed Tahir Hijazi & A ; Raza Naqri, 2006 ) . Medical pupils are chief assets of the medical schools or colleges. In position of that, the pupils ‘ academic public presentation and accomplishment dramas an of import function in bring forthing the best quality alumnuss who will go great leader and work force for the state therefore responsible for the states economic and societal development. The public presentation of pupils in universities should be a concern non merely to the decision makers and pedagogues, but besides to corporations in the labor market.Literature Review on Factors Affecting Students ‘ PerformanceUp to day of the month many surveies have been developed refe ring the factors influence pupils ‘ public presentation such as demographic, active acquisition, pupil attending, extracurricular activities, and equals influence and class appraisal. A reappraisal of the literature have indicated that pupil attitudes toward survey, survey wonts and strategic acquisition, pupil psychological features, larning manner, household background, instructors function and many others are closely related to pupils ‘ academic public presentation ( Eccles & A ; Wigfield, 1985 ; Eccles & A ; Harold, 1993 ; Hanson, 1994, Ali et al.,2009 ) . Gough and Hall ( 1964 ) mentioned that anticipation of pupil public presentation in the medical school can be made by mean of the California Psychological Inventory ( CPI ) and this is supported by Tutton survey in 1993. Other instruments such as Eysenek Personality Inventory or the Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory greatly enhanced the anticipation of pupils ‘ public presentation in the medical sch ool ( Roesslet, et al. , 1978 ; Lipton et al. , 1984 ; Weiss, 1988 ) . In this survey the literature hunt for factors impacting pupils ‘ academic public presentation will be concentrated on pupil ‘s features, parent ‘s features, teacher ‘s features and college factors.Student ‘s characteristic and academic public presentationWhat are the cardinal factors that promote academic success among pupils whose single features place them at high hazard of failure in the medical programme? Much research in recent old ages has focused on placing the cardinal factors in the pupil features that promotes academic success. Qualities such as psychological demands and societal accomplishments, viz. self-efficacy, motive, attitudes and behavior, academic competence, communicating accomplishments, coaction, cooperation, and squad capablenesss are of import for the pupil in the medical programme. Students who possess these accomplishments are able to work efficaciously with others and managed their surveies expeditiously ( Lust & A ; Moore, 20 06 ) . The medical colleges could aim these factors in developing schemes in bettering pupil acquisition and better their academic public presentation. Harmonizing to Womble ( 2003 ) academic competency, self-efficacy, motive, pupils ‘ attitudes and behavior, clip direction and battle in category activities are some of the factors that affect an persons ‘ academic public presentation.2.2.1.1 Academic CompetenceKleijn et Al ( 1994 ) pointed out that academic competency is associated with pupils ‘ ability to pull off their survey burden, i.e. pupil with better academic competency would likely hold better academic public presentation. Review into the literatures has indicated that the accomplishments, attitudes, and behaviours lending to academic competency autumn into one of two spheres: ( I ) Academic Skills or ( two ) Academic Enablers ( DiPerna and Elliott, 1999 ) .Academic Skills SubscalesReading/Language Humanistic disciplines Mathematicss Critical ThinkingAcademic Enablers SubscalesMotivation Battle Study Skills Interpersonal SkillsFigure 2.1: Academic Competence Model ( DiPerna & A ; Elliot, 1999 )DiPernia and Elliot theoretical account ( 1999 ) stated the followers: Motivation reflects a pupil ‘s attack, continuity, and degree of involvement sing academic topics. Battle reflects attending and active engagement in schoolroom activities. Study accomplishments are behaviours that facilitate the processing of new stuff and pickings trials Interpersonal accomplishments include concerted acquisition behaviors necessary to interact with others In the survey by Demaray and Elliot ( 1998 ) it can be conclude that instructors are able in foretelling their pupils ‘ accomplishment on standardised trials such as academic competency rating graduated table and separating between pupils with low or high academic public presentation. In decision, holding a good academic competency will therefore heighten the pupils ‘ ability to pull off their survey burden and to be successful in their survey. In this survey, academic competency is defined as a multidimensional concept composed of the accomplishments, attitudes, and behaviors of the pupil that contribute to academic success in the category.Student ‘s attitudes toward surveyMost cognitive theoreticians and research workers have acknowledged that hapless academic self-concept, low self-pride, negative attitudes toward survey, or erroneous perceptual experiences of pupils may be associated with hapless academic public presentation ( van der Veer & A ; Valsiner, 1991 ) . In another survey by Syed Tahir Hijaz and Raza Naqri ( 2006 ) , they found that attitude towards survey has a important influence on scrutiny public presentation and therefore confirmed the earlier findings by new wave der Veer and Valsinere ( 1991 ) . Battle in larning – There is significant grounds that battle in medical school or college is of import in advancing pupil success and acquisition and that a figure of factors in the college environment foster high degrees of battle. Student battle can be defined as the degree of engagement and intrinsic involvement that a pupil shows in college ( Newmann, 1992 ) . Battle in college involves both behaviors ( such as continuity, attempt, attending ) and attitudes ( such as motive, positive acquisition values, involvement, and pride in success ) ( Connell & A ; Wellborn, 1991 ) . Connell and Wellborn indicates that engaged pupils seek out activities, indoors and outside the schoolroom, that lead to success and this has been supported by Dowson and McInerney ( 2001 ) . It has been showed that the occupied pupils learn more, retain more, and bask larning activities more than pupils who are non engaged and they are the most successful ( Kirsch et al, 2002 ) . Many school-level surve ies have identified higher degrees of pupil battle as of import forecasters of tonss on the pupils ‘ academic public presentation. Therefore, it can be concluded that the more the pupil engaged in larning the more successful they will be in their academic. Class attending and academic public presentation – Class attending is believed to hold positive relationship with pupils ‘ academic public presentation. It was expected that high absentees from the category would hold a negative consequence on the pupil ‘s academic classs and would diminish their scrutiny tonss and classs. Many research workers recognized that category attending is an of import facet in bettering pupil ‘s public presentation. A survey conducted by Collett et al. , 2007 ; Stanca, 2006 ; Chow, 2003 ; Rodgers, 2001 ; Durden and Ellis, 1995 ; Romer 1993, found that attending have little, but statistically important, consequence on pupil public presentation. Marburger ( 2001 ) concluded that pupils who missed category were significantly more likely to react falsely to inquiries associating to material covered that twenty-four hours than were pupils who were present. Moore ( 2006 ) indicated that category attending enhances larning ; on norm, pupil s who came to the most categories made the highest classs, despite the fact that they received no points for coming to category. Arulampalam et Al. ( 2007 ) found that there is a causal consequence of absence on public presentation for pupils: losing category leads to poorer public presentation. On the other manus, Martins and Walker ( 2006 ) mentioned that there are no important effects from category attending. This is besides supported by Park and Kerr ( 1990 ) and Schmidt ( 1993 ) who found an opposite relationship between pupils ‘ attending and their class classs. Jennjou Chen ( 2006 ) , in his survey â€Å" Class attending and exam public presentation: A randomised experiment † , found that category attending has produced a positive and important impact on pupils ‘ test public presentation. His consequence revealed that, on norm, go toing talk corresponds to a 7.66 % betterment in exam public presentation. Most universities has taken into serious consideratio n respect per centum of category attending and hence imposed a policy of excluding the pupil from scrutiny when the per centum of the attending is less than 80 % .Self-efficacy and motiveSelf-efficacy is how people feel about themselves and how much they like themselves, particularly socially and academically when it comes to college pupils. Through the many force per unit areas and dashing duties of being a pupil, one learns and understands the importance of holding a high self-efficacy in college. Having one ‘s academic accomplishment meet one ‘s academic outlooks and desires is a major key to most college pupils ‘ self-efficacy. Having a high self-efficacy has many positive effects and benefits, particularly among college pupils. Students who feel positive about themselves succumb less easy to force per unit areas of conformance by equals, are more relentless at hard undertakings, are happier and more sociable, and most pertinent to this survey is that they tend to execute better academically. On the other manus, college pupils with a low self-efficacy tend to be unhappy, less sociable and are more vulnerable to depression, which are all correlated with lower academic accomplishment ( Wiggins, 1994 ) . Academic accomplishment is influenced by sensed competency, venue of control, liberty, and motive ( Wiest, 1998 ) . Past research has shown that self-efficacy and academic accomplishment correlative straight to a moderate grade ( Wiggins, 1994 ) . Self-efficacy surveies are really popular for educational research and it has been shown that it played a really of import function in academic accomplishment ( Oxford et al. , 1993 ) . During the past decennary, self-efficacy beliefs have received increasing attending in educational research, chiefly in the country of academic motive ( Pintrich & A ; Schunk, 1995 ) . In the instance of instruction, self-efficacy is seen to hold a relationship with attempt, continuity and accomplishment. Chemers, Hu & A ; Garcia ( 2001 ) , in their work on mathematical job resolution, have shown that kids with higher self-efficacy strived for longer periods and used more effectual job work outing schemes than pupils with lower self-efficacy. Surveies have investigated the relationships among efficaciousness beliefs, related psychological concepts, and academic motive and accomplishment. Findingss besides support Bandura ‘s ( 1986 ) contention that efficaciousness beliefs mediate the consequence of accomplishments or other self-beliefs on subsequent public presentation by act uponing attempt, continuity, and doggedness ( Bandura & A ; Schunk, 1981 ; Lent, Brown, & A ; Larkin, 1984 ; Schunk & A ; Hanson, 1985 ; Bouffard Bouchard, 1990 ) . Berry ( 1987 ) stressed that self-efficacy enhances pupils ‘ memory public presentation by heightening continuity. In the surveies by Lent et Al ( 1984 and 1986 ) demonstrated that college pupils with high self-efficacy achieved high academic accomplishment. Research workers have established that self-efficacy is a strong forecaster of academic public presentation accomplishment ( Pintrich & A ; De Groot, 1990 ; Multon et al. , 1991 ; Zimmerman et al. , 1992 ; Pajares & A ; Mi ller, 1994 ) . Researches besides show that self-efficacy beliefs have positive effects on pupil motive and academic public presentation.Strategic Studying TechniquesStrategic analyzing techniques may assist pupils accomplish a higher mark in the scrutiny. Strategic analyzing is defined as the cognition and application of effectual survey accomplishments or techniques by the pupils ( Kleijn et al, 1994 ) . There are many efficient survey techniques that could be used by pupils based on the acquisition environment ( Alvermann, 1991 and Ogle, 1986 ) . These survey schemes include Know-Want-Learn ( K-W-L ) , Survey-Question-Read-Recite-Review ( SQ3R ) , sum uping and note-taking, utilizing artworks, and self-questioning. Extensive class tonss and the comprehensive information covered in today ‘s medical course of study necessitate the usage of effectual survey schemes for academic success ( Lay, 1993 ) . Active acquisition has received notably attending over the past several old ages. In the context of the college schoolroom, active larning involves pupils in making things and believing about the things they are making ( Bonwell & A ; Eison, 1991 ) . In the medical programme active acquisition involves the pupils to work out jobs, answer inquiries, formulate inquiries of their ain, discuss, explain, argument, or insight during category. Bonwell and Eison ( 1991 ) concluded that active larning leads to better pupil attitudes and betterments in pupils ‘ thought and authorship. A survey by Wilke ( 2003 ) besides indicated pupils in both the intervention and control groups demonstrated a positive attitude toward active acquisition, believed it helped ( or would assist ) pupils to larn the stuff. Felder et Al. ( 2000 ) recommended that active acquisition is one of the acquisition scheme methods that work. In add-on, Felder and Brent ( 2003 ) mentioned that every bit small as five pr oceedingss of active acquisition in a 50-minute category session can bring forth a major encouragement in larning. Harmonizing to them, active acquisition aftermaths pupils up. However, DeLong ‘s ( 2008 ) survey did non back up the hypothesis that active acquisition based learning methods will impact positive alteration on pupil public presentation as measured by class concluding class and non-intellectual acquisition factors as measured by the TRAC-R ( Test of Reactions and Adaptations to College-Revised ) , an overall step of college accommodation. He found that factors such as professor-student resonance and professor apprehension of non-intellectual factors may hold influenced the current consequences. Another factor associated with strategic analyzing technique is clip direction accomplishment. Time direction accomplishments are besides of import to academic success. Time direction accomplishments include activities performed by pupils such as planning in progress, prioritising work, trial readying, and following agendas ( Kirscenabaum & A ; Perri, 1982 ) . Balancing clip direction and survey techniques may accomplish higher academic public presentation efficaciously ( Entwistle & A ; Ramsden, 1983 ; Powell, 2004 ) . Syed Tahir Hijazi and Raza Naqri ( 2006 ) in their survey found that attitude towards clip allotment for survey has a important influence on scrutiny public presentation, i.e. the longer continuance of clip allotment in surveies improved the public presentation mark. Learning manner – One of the statements often put frontward to explicate why some pupils do non make every bit good in their academic is because they do non cognize how to analyze. Ramsden and Entwistle ( 1981 ) have shown that following right acquisition manners do influence good accomplishment in scrutiny. Learning manner predict public presentation in medical school ( McManus et al, 1998 ) . Heidi and Stephen ( 2006 ) mentioned that medical pupils do hold different methods of larning manners and following this learning manner as one of the methods of strategic analyzing will act upon their academic public presentation. Therefore, Blackmore ( 1996 ) suggested that it is of import for pedagogues to develop appropriate acquisition attacks for the pupils and to promote them to follow this preferable acquisition manner as their strategic analyzing techniques.Family featuresFamily background factors such as the educational degree of the parent, household income or fiscal, parent support and educational outlook seem to exercise some influence on pupil ‘s academic accomplishment and this has been supported by several yesteryear and recent surveies ( Hossler & A ; Stage, 1992 ; Eccles & A ; Harold, 1993 ; Beyer, 1995 ; Paulson, 1996 ; Hossler et al. , 1999 ; Checchi, 2000 ; Ermisch & A ; Francesconi, 2001 ; Agus & A ; Makhbul, 2006 ) . The relationships of parent degree of instruction, parent educational outlook for their kids, parental engagement and support and pupils ‘ accomplishment are proposed by the Chen ‘s Model of household influence s on pupil academic accomplishment ( Chen, 1995 ) .Table 2.1: A Proposed Model of Family Influences on Students ‘ Academic Performance Achievement( Adapted from Chen ( 1995 ) Family Factors Children ‘s Results Parent support Books at place Facilities such as computing machine Educational outlooks Attitudes toward medical instruction Assurance in survey Academic accomplishment. Parent outlooks and engagement Parental instruction Educational outlooks Attitudes toward medical instruction Engagement The literature reappraisal will look into the influence of these household factors on the pupils ‘ public presentation in deepness.Influence of parent ‘s instruction degree on pupil ‘s academic public presentationIn the earlier surveies, Hossler and Stage ( 1992 ) and Beyer ( 1995 ) indicated that there is a positive relationship between the parent ‘s educational degree and their kids success in their academic. In an extension to the earlier survey, Ermisch and Francesconi ( 2001 ) found an interesting determination in their survey where there is important gradient between each parent ‘s instruction degree and their kid ‘s educational accomplishment. From Ermisch and Rrancesconi study it can be concluded that female parent ‘s instruction has a stronger association with her kid ‘s educational accomplishment than the instruction of the male parent. This consequence is supported by Agus and Makhbul ( 2002 ) . In another survey by Syed Tahi r Hijazi and Raza Naqri ( 2006 ) they indicate that the degree of instruction of female parent has been found to exercise the strongest influence on academic accomplishment as compared to degree of instruction of male parent. Mothers ‘ educational degree is chosen because literatures suggest that female parent ‘s degree of instruction is a stronger forecaster of kids ‘s larning results ( PISA, 2000 ) . Studies has besides shown that pupils whose female parents have completed third instruction performed even better in their academic than hose whose female parents have completed secondary instruction degree. From the literature hunt on the impact of parent ‘s instruction degree on pupil ‘s public presentation female parent ‘s instruction degree is a strongest forecaster factor and it was assumed that educated female parents can assist their kids to better and maintain proper cheque on their activities. This survey is undertaken to look into the infl uence of the parent ‘s degree of instruction on the pupil ‘s public presentation within the Malayan context.Family income and pupil ‘s academic public presentationThe United States Department of Education ( 2000 ) found in a survey that the relationship between household income and pupil ‘s public presentation is non simple and direct. Johnson ( 1996 ) opined that low income of parent is a major hindrance to academic success and development on the portion of the pupils. This is because poorness or low income of parents has elastic effects on their kids academic plants as they lack adequate resources and financess to patronize their educational demands and this leads to hapless public presentation of their kids. An probe conducted by Agus and Makhbul ( 2002 ) indicated that pupils from households of higher income degrees perform better in their academic public presentation as compared to those who come from households of lower income brackets. Checchi ( 2000 ) besides concluded household income provides an inducement for better pupil public presentation ; richer parents internalise this affect by puting more resources in the instruction of their kids. Once the investing is undertaken, the pupil fulfill parents ‘ outlooks by perform better in their surveies. Based on the research done by him, he demonstrated that kids from richer households perform better than those from poorer households. On the other manus, Syed Tahir Hijazi and Raza Naqvi ( 2006 ) found that there is negative relationship between pupil public presentation and pupil household income. Research done by Beblo and Lauer ( 2004 ) besides found that parents ‘ income and their labor market position have a weak impact o n kids ‘s instruction. With these conflicting findings the inquiry to be answered is ‘Do household income is an issue to pupils ‘ accomplishment in academic? ‘ To research the correlativity between household income and pupils ‘ academic public presentation the intent of this survey is to prove the hypothesis that household fiscal position is associated with the academic public presentation of a medical pupil in the Malaysia.Parent engagement, educational outlook and supportOther household factors that may act upon pupils ‘ academic accomplishment are parental engagement, educational outlook and support ( Paulson, 1996 ) . Harmonizing to Eccles and Harold ( 1993 ) active engagement from the parents in their kids instruction plays a critical function in the pupil ‘s academic accomplishment and success. Eccles and Harold determination is supported by the surveies from Beyer ( 1995 ) and Paulson and Marchant ( 1998 ) . Involving parents in the instruction of their kids straight affects pupil accomplishment in school, college and university. It has been shown that affecting parents in the instruction of their kids helps to increase the pupil ‘s accomplishment and self-pride. Fehrmann et Al ( 1987 ) examines the effects of parental engagement on a larger sample of high school pupils and formulated that the more intensively parents are involved in their kids education the more good are the achievement effects. This finding holds true for all types of types and ages of pupils and is supported by the survey of Henderson ( 1987 ) . All research surveies, which address these countries, found that parent engagement has positive effects on pupil attitudes and behavior ( Sattes, 1985 ; Ferhrman et al. , 1978 ; Henderson, 1987 ) . The pupils ‘ perceptual experience of parent educational outlook and support for acquisition has a strong impact on their accomplishment ( Mau & A ; Bikos, 2000 ) . Harmonizing to Beyer ( 1995 ) parent ‘s educational aspirations for and outlooks of their kids ‘s academic public presentation positively correlates with the kids ‘s classs, educational aspirations, motive. Beyer farther indicated that these parental factors encourage self-esteem and actuate the pupils to execute good in their academic. In drumhead, most of the surveies reviewed indicate that pupils from households with high outlooks and support would hold higher academic accomplishments.Teachers ‘ outlook and supportThe outlooks instructors have for their pupils and the premises they make about their possible have a touchable consequence on pupil accomplishment. Since the late 1960 ‘s research workers have been concerned with the influence of instructor outlooks on pupil public present ation. Study by Bamburg ( 1994 ) clearly establishes that instructor outlooks do play a important function in finding how good and how much do pupils larn. Students tend to internalise the beliefs instructor have about their ability. This is supported by Raffini ( 1993 ) who clearly stated that when instructors believe in pupils, the pupils believe in themselves and this understanding between pupils and instructors is a important subscriber for the pupil success in their academic accomplishment. There is a inclination for instructors to acquire what they expect from their pupils. This happens because instructors have ( frequently unconscious ) inclinations to handle pupils otherwise based on how likely they think it is that pupils will be successful. Conversely, when pupils are viewed as lacking in ability or motive and are non expected to do important advancement, they tend to follow this perceptual experience of themselves ( Gonder, 1991 ) . Omatoni and Omatoni ( 1996 ) make a poi nt that holding high outlook does non as if by magic equalize pupils ‘ innate abilities and larning rates. Therefore, instructors were advised to routinely project attitudes, beliefs, outlook to the extent that they treat their pupils as if they already are eager scholar and these instructors ‘ features will promote the pupil to go more eager scholars. This survey will look into instructor anticipation effects on the academic accomplishment of medical pupils.Factors in the college environment that support pupils ‘ academic public presentationQuaglia and Perry ( 1996 ) and Wilson ( 1992 ) have investigated the significance of the school or college environment on the pupils ‘ academic public presentation. It has been documented that factors in the school or college environment may impede or back up pupil ‘s development and academic success ( Esposito, 1999 ; Goodenow, 1993 ; Mouton & A ; Hawkins, 1996 ) .Peer relationshipAssorted surveies had been done an d found that equals influence does hold impact on pupil public presentation ( Hanushek et. Al, 2002 ; Goethals, 2001 ; Gonzales et. al. , 1996 ) and besides been shown that equal influence has more powerful effects. Peer support was positively related to pupils ‘ scrutiny mark and class. Wilkinson and Fung ( 2002 ) in their survey concluded that by grouping pupils in heterogenous larning ability ( low ability pupils grouped with high ability pupils ) will demo an betterment in larning procedure and outcomes. This determination can be argued tap top pupils can positively impact less able pupils by supplying an aid and mentoring. In another survey, Schindler ( 2003 ) found that blending abilities will impact weak pupils positively nevertheless the consequence for good pupils is negative. Schindler determination is beliing with Goethals ( 2001 ) survey, who found that pupils in homogenous group ( irrespective of high ability or low ability ) perform better than pupils in heteroge nous group. Supporting the findings from Fung ( 2002 ) and Schindler ( 2003 ) , Giuliodori, Lujan and DiCarlo ( 2006 ) added that equal interaction could increase pupil ability on work outing problem-solving inquiries and the equal direction will besides advance pupil ‘s engagement and better pupil ‘s public presentation.Challenging educational environmentResearch shows that pupils are more motivated to larn when instructors ask them to wrestle with new constructs, explain their logical thinking, defend their decisions, or explore alternate schemes and solution ( National Research Council, 1999 ) . Furthermore, pupils enjoy larning more when their instructors employ active pedagogical schemes. Meece suggested that when schoolroom direction draws on pupils ‘ pre-existing cognition and real-life experiences the acquisition session will be become more interesting and basking which consequence in the pupil learn more better and achieved better classs in scrutiny and ac ademic ( Meece, 1991 ) . Cohen ( 1994 ) strengthen this determination that when pupils can set their caputs together instead than work in isolation they are receptive to disputing assignments which will straight hike their public presentation.Summary of Literature ReviewFactors impacting pupil ‘s academic public presentation is an of import issue in higher instruction particularly in the medical programme. There has been extended research on the influences of cardinal factors on pupils ‘ academic public presentation. It is interesting to observe that all of the research reviews back up the hypothesis that pupils ‘ public presentation in their academic depend on different socio-economic, psychological and environmental factors. A reappraisal of the literature indicated that pupils ‘ acquisition manner, household background, pupils ‘ feature, and school or college experience factors are related to pupils ‘ academic public presentation.( 4,220 words )